Studies In The Theory Of Emotional Development

Studies In The Theory Of Emotional Development The maturational procedures and the encouraging condition: Studies in the hypothesis of enthusiastic improvement composed by Donald W. Winnicott is a key book, which is made from assortment of his distributed and unpublished papers on analysis and kid improvement between long periods of 1926-1964. The book educates the perusers about the development procedure of an individual bit by bit from youth to immaturity stage. The principle subject of this book goes back to Freuds hypotheses to earliest stages. Winnicott generally put together his conversations with respect to Freuds essential ideas and he had accepted Freuds ideas as the casing of his references, anyway Winnicott didn't put together his conversations with respect to Freudian idea. All through the paper, it is seen that the thoughts depended on among Winnicotts and Freuds thoughts on maturational procedures (Winnicott, 1965). In this surprising assortment, Dr. Winnicott investigations the maturational procedures in three peri ods of formative methodology, hypothetical methodology and the strategy top to bottom. The book is scripted in a direct language that individuals who are new to psychoanalytic investigation can profit by its prudence. Moreover, the point of this audit is to expand on hypothesis of maturational procedures in enthusiastic advancement by examining Winnicotts speculations on the side of various speculations at of various scholars who contemplates the passionate improvement in like manner. So as to achieve this errand, first the creator and his hypothesis will be presented quickly. In this manner, hypotheses of different scholars will be introduced and talked about inside and out so as to mull over the likeliness of maturational procedures of individual and psychoanalytical treatment meeting. The Author Donald W. Winnicott (1896-1971), Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and psychoanalyst got his first examination from James Strachey. Prior to this occasion, in 1919 he read Freud in Brills interpretation of The Interpretation of Dreams. Strachey was mindful to Winnicotts enthusiasm for youngsters and kid examination by urging him to look into about Melanie Klein. Subsequently, he had become Kleins understudy and gone through quite a while as her supervisee. Approach to comprehend Winnicott, goes from Klein since Klein had called attention to the missing parts from Freuds hypothesis, the enthusiastic turn of events. His achievements of working with newborn children and youngsters clinically, offered ascend to psychoanalytic field, and drove him to turn into the second notable individual after Klein in British Object Relations School. (Phillips, 1988, pp.153-154; Levine, 2006; Winnicott, 1971, pp.7-10). Winnicotts unique thoughts had contrasted from Kleinians. As indicated by Ro dman, Winnicott contrasted from others since he was in close contact with mother and babies. He, likewise, depicted that Winnicotts strife with Kleininas was a defining moment in his life, which drove him to build up the hypothesis of True Self (Levine, 2006). Winnicott had distributed more than 200 papers and numerous significant books including Through Pediatrics to Psychanalysis (1958), Therapeutic Consultations in Child Psychiatry (1971), The Piggle (1977), Play and Reality (1971) (Phillips, 1988, pp.153-154; Levine, 2006; Winnicott, 1971, pp.7-10). Play and Reality, one of his notable books, is improved rendition of his paper Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena (1951), which talks about the significance of transitional stage in a people life, and extraordinary encounters that happen in workmanship, religion and dreamland. Finally, Winnicott alludes to this book the most (Winnicott, 1971, p.15). When Winnicotts separation from Klein watched, one can accept that this procedure is Winnicotts transitional wonders from his chief to turn into a free scholar. Brief outline of the book Section One: Papers on Development Winnicott begins the book from assortment of papers on advancement. To begin with, he clarifies the significance of the psycho-investigation and feeling of blame by expressing A psycho-expert goes to the subject of blame as one who is prone to think as far as development, as far as the advancement of the human individual, the individual enthusiastic development (Winnicott, 1965, p.15). A short time later, Winnicott keeps expressing by feeling of blame is obvious when the youngster enters to Oedipal Stage, since unwittingly the kid is wishing his/her equivalent sex parent to vanish and likewise sentiments of affection and despise ascends in this stage. After this stage, youngster enters to Superego and self image comes in wording with the superego, leaving nervousness to develop into blame. Winnicott states that at this stage, youngster would feel feeling of blame identified with masturbation. He proceeds by depicting the people who obtained blame inclination may experience the ill ef fects of despondency and obsessional anxiety. The source of blame inclination emerges from Oedipus complex, when the youngster begins to encounter three way relationship (mother, father and kid). Next, Winnicott proceeds with the term ability to be distant from everyone else which is exceptionally related with passionate advancement of a person. It is essentially understanding of being separated from everyone else in nearness of someone else, which encourages kids to develop his/her sense of self and adds to fabricate people character. Winnicott incorporates the significance of parent and kid relationship by characterizing the holding condition. The newborn child is needy to holding condition where the mother holds the baby truly, genuinely and in her psyche. Following the mother and the newborn child will live respectively. The kid is currently a psychosomatic (mind inhabiting in the soma) being all alone. He sees all the articles, including his mom, as outside of himself. At this stage, the childs sense of self proceeds onward from the condition of unintegration to incorporation and now he has picked up the ability to create object relations. As such, he has now given from an emotionally structured article to an on impartially saw object relationship, which the baby can live with the dad and mother together. Winnicott incorporates that the newborn child improvement ought to encouraged by sufficient maternal consideration with the end goal for baby to endure. He keeps expressing that it very well may be said that babies inner self is powerless, anyway fortify by his moms conscience. Further on, Winnicott states the significance for youngster to encounter full reliance, relative reliance and freedom, so as to incorporate the sense of self. He incorporates the significance of inner self quality that gets personality support from the moms versatile conduct and love. In like manner, Winnicott explains the connection of requirements of kids to those of babies in wellbeing and emergency. Furthermore, he brings up the significance of the connection between childcare that is given by human services suppliers versus regular consideration that is provided by the guardians. Correspondingly, Winnicott talked about the improvement of the limit with respect to worry in kids. His announcement was concern was accept to have a place with the phase that is before Oedipus complex. The limit with respect to concern was a piece of two body relationship, between the mother and the baby. All together the newborn child to encounter blame or hold it in full desire for a chance to repara tion, he needs to create limit with respect to concern. Following this paper, Winnicott talked about newborn children development from reliance towards autonomy. There are three classes in this issue. The first is supreme reliance, which is the beginning time of passionate turn of events. The newborn child is reliant on the moms belly and care from the earliest starting point. In this segment Winnicott states that This expression maturational procedure alludes to advancement of the sense of self and of oneself, and incorporates the entire story of the id, of impulses and their changes, and of protections in the personality comparative with nature (Winnicott, 1965). In this express, the moms experience a stage called essential maternal distraction where the moms are engrossed with the consideration of their child beginning from the most recent couple of long stretches of pregnancy and couple of weeks after the birth. Their children appear to be a piece of them and they are related to the infant. Likewise, the moms know how their infant fee ls like or what their child needs. In this circumstance, the mother herself is reliant. The following stage is relative reliance where the baby knows about the nearness of reliance. So as to clarify this stage, Winnicott expressed that when the mother is away for a second past the time-length of his (or her) ability to put stock in her endurance, nervousness shows up, and this is the principal sign that the newborn child knows. The last advance is newborn children excursion to towards autonomy. When the kid passed the two stages typically, he/she will get qualified to meet with world and its hardships, since he/she will have the option to see what is as of now present in his(her own self. In conclusion, this stage clarifies the endeavors of the little child kid and of the kid at pubescence. Section Two: Theory and Technique In the second part Winnicott, committed himself educating the perusers about the speculations regarding kid brain research and the strategies that is utilized in youngster analysis. Winnicott begins with commitments of direct kid perception to psycho-examination. As per Winnicotts direct perception, the child must have a physical and mental development so as to have a full passionate turn of events. At the point when these marvels happen in therapy the investigator can't date when it happened. Be that as it may, the investigator will have the option to depict to patients early stages. Moreover, babies play become recognize in procedure of examination. Play incorporates the self-improvement of through creative mind. Winnicotts principal essential hypothesis is transitional item and marvels. In this stage, the ordinary creating child receives a bit of material or a teddy bear. For some time the youngster will expose this item to himself; he will convey it with him constantly and needs to have full ownership of the article. In this manner, as indicated by Winnicott, beginning from earliest stages, the mother

How Mountains Are Formed :: Informative Essays

How Are Mountains Formed? Â Â Â Â Â Mountains are shaped over significant stretches of time by powers of the earth. Mountains just don’t show up in wherever. Most are shaped when plates, or tremendous bits of the Earth’s outside, pull and push against one another. Amazing mountain ranges are shaped by the development of structural plates. Convection flows somewhere down in the mantle of the earth, starts to gush towards the surface. As the weight expands, it gets the crustal plates under way. There are various types of mountains - Volcanic, Folded, Fault-square, and Arch mountains. Volcanic mountains are framed when magma comes up through breaks in the Earth’s hull and bursts out magma and debris. The Hawaiian volcanoes, Mt. Hood, Mt. Etna, Vesuvius, and Mt. Holy person Helens are instances of volcanic mountains. Rocks are hard yet in time they can twist or overlay creating Folded mountains. The Alps framed as the Eurasian plate pushed against the African plate. Different instances of collapsed mountains are the Rockies, Himalayas, Appalayas, and the Andes. Deficiency square mountains are framed when one plate pushes or pulls from another plate. In the Earth, hot flows of magma or liquid stone may gush and split the debilitated outside layer above. As the outside layer splits, squares of rock rise or fall shaping Shortcoming square mountains. Instances of these mountains are the Sierra Nevada in California and the Grand Tetons in Wyoming. Vault mountains are shaped by a similar sort of liquid stone that structures Volcanic mountains. As magma comes up in a break in the Earth’s outside layer, it doesn't rise to the top, however the liquid stone pushes the ground up into a vault. Models are Yosemite’s Half Dome, the Adirondacks in New York, and the Black Hills in South Dakota.Some mountains began at the base of the ocean. How Mountains Are Formed :: Informative Essays How Are Mountains Formed? Â Â Â Â Â Mountains are framed over extensive stretches of time by powers of the earth. Mountains just don’t show up in wherever. Most are framed when plates, or enormous bits of the Earth’s outside layer, pull and push against one another. Amazing mountain ranges are shaped by the development of structural plates. Convection flows somewhere down in the mantle of the earth, starts to gush towards the surface. As the weight builds, it gets the crustal plates under way. There are various types of mountains - Volcanic, Folded, Fault-square, and Vault mountains. Volcanic mountains are framed when magma comes up through splits in the Earth’s covering and bursts out magma and debris. The Hawaiian volcanoes, Mt. Hood, Mt. Etna, Vesuvius, and Mt. Holy person Helens are instances of volcanic mountains. Rocks are hard however in time they can twist or crease creating Folded mountains. The Alps framed as the Eurasian plate pushed against the African plate. Different instances of collapsed mountains are the Rockies, Himalayas, Appalayas, and the Andes. Issue square mountains are shaped when one plate pushes or pulls from another plate. In the Earth, hot flows of magma or liquid stone may gush and break the debilitated outside above. As the outside splits, squares of rock rise or fall shaping Shortcoming square mountains. Instances of these mountains are the Sierra Nevada in California and the Grand Tetons in Wyoming. Vault mountains are shaped by a similar sort of liquid stone that structures Volcanic mountains. As magma comes up in a split in the Earth’s outside layer, it doesn't rise to the top, however the liquid stone pushes the ground up into an arch. Models are Yosemite’s Half Dome, the Adirondacks in New York, and the Black Hills in South Dakota.Some mountains began at the base of the ocean.

The Power of Literature Western and Outside Sources in Maos World - Literature Essay Samples

In life, reading is a gift. Reading often remains an instrumental component of growth, change, and influence. At times, reading literature delivers a magical power that can reveal new worlds and perspectives to people. Beginning in 1966, The Cultural Revolution in China, created by Mao Zedong, exiled the upper class youth into re-education camps in an ironic attempt to ‘limit’ their learning. Despite the name of the camps, Mao restricted all forms of education, including reading. For the majority, only those who secretly gained possession of ‘non-approved’ literature were actual able to further broaden their knowledge. In Dai Sijies novel Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress, the various Western books greatly influence the narrator by changing his perspective on individualism during his re-education, from one of limited free, unbiased thinking to one based on independent thought, reasoning, and judgment. Romain Rolland, the author of Jean-Christophe, greatly helps the narrator find transit into a world of freedom and individual choices, while also leading him to hate the Chinese re-education system. After reading Jean-Christophe, the narrator comments â€Å"up until this stolen encounter with Romain Rolland’s hero, my poor educated and re-educated brains had been incapable of grasping the notion of one man standing up against the whole world† (Dai 110). This quotation broadly grasps the effects of western literature on the narrator. His culture and those in charge of his ‘re-education’ were telling him that society, as a whole, was more important than one individuals thought or desires. But he was reading, learning, and believing that one man, or woman, can make a huge difference, and that this impact will not necessary harm society, but has the potential to better it, and make it more fulfilling for all. The wording and comedy in this quote also demonstrat e the narrator’s realization of his previous seclusion from independent, ‘western’ ideals. It clearly demonstrates the power of the stolen books on him. He believes this literature improves a â€Å"poorly educated† mind that did not know much about the joys of outside world such as love, to a man that believes in a more individualistic approach on life. When the narrator crosses the dangerous ridge to get to the Little Seamstress, he contemplates, â€Å"I wonder what my good friend Jean-Christophe would say if I were to turn back† (Dai 114). The narrator starts to adapt what he reads into deciding his choices by considering Jean-Christophe’s opinions on his actions. In this case, Jean-Christophe helps the narrator realize the value of his life and convinces him to turn back and not risk the chance of falling. These examples show the influence that Jean-Christophe had on the narrator as he starts to incorporate the Western values that he reads about such as love and desire into his previous selfless, rural-based life. Many of the books that the narrator reads contain common ideals about love, women, and sex, which expose the narrator to new feelings and emotions. After stealing books from Four Eyes, the narrator comments that the Western novels introduce new feelings such as being â€Å"seduced, overwhelmed, spellbound by the mystery of the outside world, especially the world of women, love and sex as revealed to us by these Western writers† (Dai 109). It initially shocks the narrator when exposed to these â€Å"Western† concepts. But he incorporates these desires into actions showing the power of literature. He starts to think â€Å"After all, how could I die now, without having known love or sex, without having taken free individual action against the whole world† (Dai 114). The narrator realizes that his life is worth much more than how he previously believed it was. Because of his exposure to ideas such as love and sex, the narrator wants to experience these aspects in his own life. The Western writers introduce and describe real human desires, deep emotions, and joys of life to the previously sheltered narrator, which changes his perception on freedom and individualism. The Western novels influence the narrator, as he becomes more resentful towards the Communist Government because they repress the people of China by banning most books. Once the narrator and Luo reach the literary treasures found within the suitcase in Four Eye’s house, the narrator comments that he feels â€Å"loathing for everyone who kept these books from us† (Dai 99). The narrator and Luo both find themselves full of rancor towards the society that prohibits and â€Å"keeps these books from [them].† If not for finding these books, or perhaps others, the narrator may have not seen how repressed the people of China are under Mao Zedong. Dai implies that the narrator begins to realize that ‘re-education’ actually restricts what life can truly be like. The narrator compares the repressed and censored Chinese films that he has seen, to his new Western way of thinking, which he retained from the books when he says â€Å"the stark proletarian realism of those stories, which had represented the sum total of my cultural education until a short while ago, struck me as being so far removed from human desires and true emotions, in short from real life† (Dai 124). â€Å"The stark proletarian realism of those stories† from the Chinese films shows little to no aspects of true human desires and emotions because of the restricted censorship that the Communist Government places over the Chinese people. After the narrator encounters the possibilities inherent in freedom due to the books, he realizes these limitations placed by the Chinese ‘system’. This realization causes the narrator to have contempt and hatred towards the authorities. It is a fitting conclusion that those who sent the narrator for ‘re-education’ to enforce their desires upon the masses, end up being despised because of their hypocrisy. Despite the attempt to limit the narrator’s ‘education’ by forcing him into a rural mountain area with little outside influence in hopes of limiting his drive, it has the opposite effect. This failed effort on the narrator demonstrates the long-term folly of ‘re-education’, or any excessive restraint on our natural desire for freedom. Though many may go through a similar deconditioning experience, even in today’s world, and not fully adopt an independent mind, perhaps due to the lack of outside influence, especially books, enough will seek out and discover knowledge, most often through the written word, to radically change themselves and the world around them. The narrator’s outlook on life followed just this route, changing from one of limited independent thinking to one based on free thought and desire, just from reading stolen Western books. This influence on the narrator reveals the remarkable power of literature and its potential effect on the entire human race.

Argument Supporting Gay Marriage Essay - 1268 Words

People are born homosexual. If you are homosexual you cannot get married. That idea is ridiculous. On June 26, 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled that the US Constitution guarantees the right for same-sex couples to marry. Marriage is defined as a sacred bond of love between two people. Gay people also feel love therefore, they should be allowed the same rights as everyone else in this country. Homosexuality is an accepted lifestyle nowadays with a proven biological causation. The only thing that should matter in marriage is love and denying them this is a violation of religious freedom. According to studies done by Simon LeVey, being gay is a biological cause, not a choice made when one is very young. It is also an accepted†¦show more content†¦The number one reason that heterosexuals marry is not to establish legal status, allow joint filing of taxes, or protect each other in medical decision-making. They marry because it is the ultimate expression of a persons love for another. Marriage is a commitment that says I love you so much that I want to live the rest of my life with you. I want to share the ups and downs, forsake all others, and be together until death do us part. Should it matter that the couple doesnt fit into what society is used to? What matters is that they love each other. Some people talk about living wills and other legal contracts that can give homosexuals essentially the same rights as a married couple. If that is the case, why dont all heterosexual couples use these legal maneuvers instead of marriage? Just maybe theres something mor e to it. This whole act denies them their right to show affection and denies them religious freedom. The main reason for denying marriage to gay couples is that all major religions consider homosexuality a sin, however, the First Amendment of the Constitution clearly states that a persons religious views or lack thereof must be protected. Marriage by the state is a secular activity, the government cannot start making laws just because a religion says they should. Whats next, should we make taking the Lords name in vain a criminal activity because Christians consider it a breaking of a commandment? No! There are atShow MoreRelatedEssay about Argument Supporting Gay Marriage2223 Words   |  9 Pagessupport of gay marriage, and no on bans of gay marriage. The opening scenario of Lindsey and Beth is a dilemma that is becoming more of a real situation each day. The fact is that people are forming unions regardless of the law. In all fairness, the people involved in these relationships should have the same legal rights as all other Americans that are involved in long-term relationships and decide to get married. 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According to The Washington post, â€Å"59 percent say they support same-sex marriage while 34 percent are opposed†(Craighil, P., Clement). While 59% of the supporting gay is a high number, however that number is skewed. There is a difference between tolerance and acceptance, but the 59% is the total of the both. PeopleRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legal? Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesShould gay marriage be legal? Gay marriage should be legal because as woman and man, all individuals have the same right in society; because same-sex couples can constitute a good based family; because it is just a way to make official a common union nowadays, even with the religious issue; because it is not related to polygamy; and because love matters and it does not differ in nature according to the sex of its object or the person who experiences it. The first reason why same sex marriageRead MoreEssay Gay Marriage Should Be Legal889 Words   |  4 PagesOn June 26, 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled that the US Constitution guarantees the right for same-sex couples to marry. Should gay marriages really be allowed? Has the Supreme Court ruled in error? Gay marriage should be legal because all individuals have the same right in society; because same-sex couples can constitute a good based family; because it is just a way to make official a common union nowadays, even with the religious issue; because it is not related to polygamy; and because loveRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1019 Words   |  5 PagesIn Defense of Gay Marriage Right now our country is still dealing with one of the bigger social issues that plagues our society. People will argue for and against it in many different ways, whether it be right or wrong. The issue at hand is whether gay marriage should be legal or illegal. There are arguments on both sides of the spectrum, but at the end of the day gay marriage should be legal in all 50 states. Marriage is a right and freedom that should not be denied to any one person because ofRead MoreGay Marriage Critique Paper1016 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 101 Critique of Bennett’s â€Å"Gay Marriage: Not a Very Good Idea.† Gay Marriage is always an argumentative topic in our society today, or perhaps the most controversial issue in 21st century is the concept of accepting homosexual marriage into our life as a way that we viewed the normal marriage. Gay marriage is always a debatable topic in both political and ethnical ways, because the idea of same sex marriage is against people’s norm. By the definition of Marriage today is different than traditionalRead MoreArgument Analysis on Gay Marriage1483 Words   |  6 PagesArgument Analysis on Gay Marriage There are many controversies surrounding todays world, such as abortion, animal testing, and social reform issues. It seems that no one can come to a common agreement on the legitimacy of these topics. Personal characteristics, such as upbringing, culture, religion and ethnicity, all play a role in determining ones feelings on a given controversial issue. However, one of the most protested and discussed issues in current political debate is same-sex marriage. ThereRead More A Critique of Thomas B. Stoddard’s Gay Marriages: Make Them Legal1098 Words   |  5 Pages Thomas B. Stoddard’s â€Å"Gay Marriages: Make Them Legal† is a successfully written argument with some minor flaws in technique. Stoddard uses this article to present his major claim, or central thesis, on the reasons gay marriage should be legalized. He presents his argument using minor claims. In a lecture on February 2, 2005, James McFadden stated a minor claim is the secondary claim in an argument. 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The Iliad Herioc Code - 1444 Words

Kenneth Ballard CLA 202: Classical Epic: Gods and Heroes Paper #1 The heroic code in the Iliad is expressed by many characters throughout the book, whether it be through their actions, intentions, or teachings. The heroic code stems from the belief that honor is, above all, the most important virtue in life and all men must honor themselves, their families, and their fellow comrades through specific character traits and actions. This concept is the primary goal in a Homeric hero’s life. Specifically, courage in battle, even in the face of clear danger or death is an essential source of a man’s honor. Death, in the context of the heroic code, can be seen as a relief of the constant struggle these characters are up against in†¦show more content†¦Hector, having the degree of honor that he does, says â€Å"All this weighs on my mind too, dear woman. But I would die of shame to face the men of Troy and the Trojan women trailing their long robes if I would shrink from battle now, a coward†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦I’ve learne d to well. To stand up bravely, always to fight in the front ranks of Trojan soldiers, winning my father great glory, glory for myself.† (Homer, Iliad 6. 522-529) This is a great example of what Hector really stands for in terms of his honor. He talks about honoring himself, as well as his father and his people, which I mentioned before is another facet of being a true Homeric hero. He is willing to make his son fatherless and his wife without a husband, all in the name of glory and honor to his fellow soldiers and people of the Trojan empire. His statement is also a good contrast between the femininity of Andromache, with her desires for a husband to stay alive and be there for her and her son, while Hector desires glory and to be at the front ranks of the battle so he can be remembered and bring glory to himself and his family. Another premium example where Hectors displays Homeric qualities occurs in book twenty two when Achilles, â€Å"the swift runner† is pursuing Hector in their final battle where it would all come to a gruesome end. Hector had already shown courgage and the bravery common to a Homeric Hero by being the

Emerging Nokia free essay sample

INTRODUCTION Nokia, one of the leading handset manufacturers, is losing market share in developing and developed markets whereas total handset market is expected to grow by $222 bn. by 2013 (appendix 4). Appearance of smartphone market and rapid adoption of the latest technology by the competitors such as Apple, Samsung etc. has lit Nokia’s platform on fire in the developed market and threatened its dominance in the developing markets. Nokia has been great at turnaround strategy. Will Nokia be able to turn tables this time? KEY ISSUES Nokia faces different key issues in the developed markets and the developing markets: Issues in Developed Market  · Should Nokia quit the developed market?  · If they stay in the developed market, what products and services should be offered? Issues in Developing Market  · What should Nokia do to gain back its market leader position in the developing markets?  · What can Nokia do to improve products and services offered in the developing markets? PROBLEM STATEMENT Nokia’s CEO, Mr. Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo, is facing an issue whether Nokia should implement different strategy in the developed and the developing markets or a single global strategy and what products and services should be offered in the markets where Nokia decides to stay? EXTERNAL ANALYSIS As the industry operates in a different way in both the markets, different Porter’s five forces has been conducted for the developed and the developing markets. PORTERS FIVE FORCES (SEE APPENDIX 1) 2 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE, ECONOMICS AND TRENDS Below mentioned industry structure and trends can be observed in developing and developed markets: Commonality between Both the Markets  · A number of computer manufacturer such as Dell, Acer, Apple and Google have entered the market, thereby, threatening mainstream handset manufacturers dominance.  · In the software for handsets, ecosystems developed by specialist firms (and not handset manufacturer), such as Google, with support for third partly application is increasingly becoming more popular. Smartphones and third party applications are becoming more popular as consumers are spending more on smartphones and third party applications. Developed Markets:  · The trend in the developed market is changing from basic phones enhanced phones to smartphones. Projections for 2010 *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 13 (case exhibit 11) assert this fact.  · Based on projections 2010 *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 13, Smartphones will be the key revenue driver in the developed markets (See appendix 4). Basic and enhanced phones will contribute very little to the growth.  · Cell phone carriers are responsible for marketing, sales and distribution of handsets. So, strong relationships with cell phone carrier are vital for success of the product. Developing Markets:  · Marketing, sales and distribution of the handsets is handled by the manufacturer. Vast distribution network and penetration in the market is vital for success.  · Handset market in developing countries is volume driven market (low end handsets; low ASP) as well as price driven (high end handsets; high ASP) market. So, the revenue will be driven by both low end and high end handsets (see appendix 4).  · Products that are launched first in the developed markets are adopted in the developing markets in future. A lot of new products are manufactured and launched only in the developing markets to tap low end phones market. Penetration in the developing market is through first time sale. The crux of the situation is that industry in developed and developing markets is changing in different way. 3 COMPETITOR ANALYSIS The external environment for cell phone manufacturers is shifting from basic and enhanced phones to smartphones in the developed market and spread across the product lines in the developing markets. This shift is rapid in the developed markets whereas gradual in the developing markets. The competitors such as Samsung, Motorola, Apple and Google have quickly reacted to the change and adapted well. Apple, Google and Samsung have together threatened Nokia’s position as a leader in the developed markets. Samsung and LG are following the suite in the developing markets by introducing large number of low to high end products. Nokia’s current strategy has proven futile against competitors. One of the reasons of Nokia’s strategy failure is that it did not keep abreast of what competitors were doing. The industry changed completely in a couple of years and Nokia is unable to meet the market expectations. As a result, Nokia lost its position as a leader in India. Nokia’s future seems to be in dark in the developed countries. Also, Nokia is losing ground to competitors in the developing market. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS Key success factors for developed and developing markets are outlined below: As key success factors for both the markets are different, Nokia will have to adjust according to the customers’ need in both the markets. INTERNAL ANALYSIS Let’s look at Nokia’s current strategy to give insight into how Nokia should react to the rapidly changing industry. COMPANY’S STRATEGY Business Strategy: Integrated (dual advantage) in both developing and developed markets as it launches similar products in both the markets. More low cost products are launched in the developing markets to penetrate deep as these are price sensitive and volume based markets for Nokia. Core Competency: Nokia’s core competency is to manufacture wireless handsets and its ability to adapt to changing market conditions. The company has a long history of turning around the businesses at numerous occasions from paper manufacturer to rubber manufacturer to the electronics company and finally to a leading handset manufacturer. Geographies: Developed markets (Western Europe and North America) and developing markets (Eastern Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa and Latin America). FINANCIAL ANALYSIS  · Nokia has been increasing its RD spending but its return on sales has been declining (case exhibit 2). More RD spending is not giving Nokia a competitive advantage as it has been launching many low cost products is developing markets, resulting in high RD cost on low margin products. The company does not have a great product to compete against Apple or Samsung in the smartphone market.  · Revenue and operating profits from device service segment has declined significantly since 2007 (case exhibit 3) i. e. Nokia has been losing against its competitors in major markets in its core competent segment *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" devices and services.  · The developed markets (mainly Europe) are the most lucrative markets for Nokia as they are the primary revenue driver and most profitable as well as ASP and gross margins for smartphones are much higher as compared to basic phones.  · Low P/E ratio (case exhibit 8) as compared to competitors such as Samsung and Apple reflects that market is casting doubts on Nokia’s future as a dominant player as Nokia is trading at lower multiple as compared to the competitors. To summarize the financial analysis, Nokia has been losing market share in both developed and developing markets, its profitability has been declining and the market is casting doubts on its future growth. OPERATIONS ANALYSIS (SEE TABLE IN APPENDIX 3) At Nokia, the organizational structure is changing from product based to functional organization. The change has been slow as they are late to react to changing needs of the market from device only market to device and solutions based market. The vision of producing customer centered products is aligning Nokia against the needs of the customer. Nokia has 9 factories and complex distribution network across the globe. As discussed in supply chain analysis (appendix 2), managing and controlling such huge operations can be a cost disadvantage. Moreover, revenue allocation of 10% to RD, for a company whose success rests on innovation, is too low. Also, more products launched in developing markets means less RD spending per product. More RD cost should be allocated to designing few innovative and technologically advanced products with latest ecosystem that can compete strongly against emerging players in the developed markets. MARKETING AND COMPETITIVE POSITION In the developed markets, the cell phone carriers market and distribute products for handset manufacturers. Strong relationship with cell phone carrier can put manufacturer at the forefront. Nokia does not have very strong relationship with the cellphone carriers as they do not have the ability to exert pressure on the buyer whereas Apple does. However, in the developing markets, the manufacturers market their own product. Extensive sales and distribution network play vital role. Nokia has strong presence in India with extensive distribution network whereas competitors do not have as strong network. So, Nokia is better placed in terms of marketing and distribution in the developing markets as opposed to the developed markets. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES Clearly, Nokia is at crossroads in the developed markets and is fast losing its place as a dominant player in the developing markets. Below mentioned are the alternatives that Nokia should consider to compete globally: A1: STATUS QUO (SINGLE GLOBAL STRATEGY) The first alternative Nokia has is to maintain status quo i. e. do nothing. Although easy to implement, the strategy is the least profitable and has high risk of Nokia continuing to lose market share in both the developing and the developed market. A2: EXIT DEVELOPED MARKET Nokia can exit developed market and focus only on the developing markets. Nokia can allocate more resources in the developing markets and fight to gain its dominant position in the developing markets. However, exiting the most profitable markets (i. e. developed markets) will not only strengthen competitors’ positions but also obstruct Nokia’s ability to continuously innovate as latest technology and advanced services are first launched in the developed countries. These devices and technology is transferred in the future to the developing markets. Quitting developed market will thus impact Nokia’s competitive position not only in the developed market but also in the developing market. Moreover, developed and developing markets are expected to grow by same size ($115 bn. and $107 bn. respectively *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" see appendix 4), so, if Nokia quits developed markets it will lose half of the future handset market. A3: DIFFERENT BUSINESS STRATEGY IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING MARKETS Nokia can adopt different strategy in the developed markets and the developing markets. It should adopt differentiation strategy in the developed markets and integrated (dual advantage) strategy in developing markets. Nokia should offer high end products with advanced technology in the developed markets as product features, quality and coolness are vital for success in developed markets. On the other hand, Nokia should continue to operate with dual advantage strategy in the developing markets as a range of products (low end to high end) are successful in developing countries. RECOMMENDATION AND IMLEMENTATION Based on the decision criteria discussed in appendix 5, the alternative A3 *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" different strategy for both markets – scores the maximum points. As both the markets are expected to grow by approximately same size by 2013 and developed markets are high margin markets, Mr. Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo should implement different strategies for each market. To effectively compete against the emerging players in the developed markets, Nokia should partner with a leading software company that will develop latest mobile ecosystem for high end phones i. e. smartphones while leveraging its own core competency of producing reliable handsets. Microsoft is an ideal match as they are struggling with cell phone hardware as they have been unable to capture noticeable market share. Nokia should continue to use existing software in medium and low end phones. Nokia should improve operations by forward vertically integrating supply chain (discussed more in supply chain), reducing the number of factories (max 3 or 4) to manufacture handsets to achieve economies of scope and scale and thus reduce cost. Forward vertical integration by building better relationships with carriers in developed markets and efficiently managing distribution centres in developing countries will empower Nokia to exert more control on supply chain, and thus reduce cost. As Nokia has lost ground in the developed markets, it needs to improve relationship with cell phone carriers to be effectively able to market, distribute and sell its products. Also, in the developing markets they should reduce the number of products launched every year so as to spend more on RD per product and launch better high end products to leverage from high profitability in the developed market. RD spending should be higher than 10% of revenue (ideally between 15% – 20%) as success of products rests on innovation. It should invest considerable amount of resources to understand the competition focus and hot trends in the rapidly changing industry in both the markets. Below is the list of products and services that Nokia should provide in the developed and the developing markets: Developed Markets Developing Markets apple market or android market (application store). Wide array of products (high to low end) Advanced technology in high end products and better usability in low end products. Latest ecosystem in high end products and easy to use software for medium to low end products as those are likely used by rural population. Innovative services such as life tools that have better usability according to the country. Premium (high end) to low (low end). Penetration in the market is price sensitive. Launch some high end products against Android phones as well as continue to launch medium and low end phones against Samsung and LG. PORTER’S FIVE FORCES Competitors: Samsung, Motorola, LG Device only based model with basic services such as text service or life tools. Smartphone market very small but expanding. Frequent new products introductions e. g.. Samsung added 120 new products in 2008 against 50 added by Nokia Price war among competitors to launch phones at all price points. Competitors: Apple, Google, RIM, Samsung, Motorola, Sony Ericson, Microsoft Device and service based model with third party applications. Intense marketing to compete against the products. Sales and promotions through cell phone carriers. Better the relationship with carrier, higher the chances of success. Price war among competing firms as the prices of smartphones are declining. Threat of Substitute Products Low High Substitute Products: Fixed line, Pagers, PDA’s, Smartphones Substitute Products: Fixed line phones, Pagers, PDA’s, Smartphones 1 Substitute products are out-dated. Low cost wireless handsets offer cost effective 1 Nokia does not have a latest smartphone with competent products for a family with a limited disposable income software such as iOS in iPhone or Android in Nexua to compete so smartphone is a substitute to Nokia’s product. Developing markets have transitioned without going through the true phases of adopting substitutes Fixed line phones are not real substitutes to wireless handsets. (Fixed lines hamper mobility) yet difficult to switch due to high switching cost(fixed term contract for smartphones etc) Smartphones are quite expensive, normal customers cannot afford it. Smartphones are eating Nokia’s market share in the developed markets. Customers are early adopters of latest technology. APPENDIX 2: SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS Sourcing Logistics Nokia’s supply chain is very vast and complex. They have 9 factories around the world that manufacture and supply phones around the world. They can move their manufacturing to a few locations and manufacture handsets and components in a few low cost countries to achieve economies of scope and economies of scale.  · Economies of scope can be achieved by manufacturing more handsets from few location by producing large quantities i. e. by reducing fixed cost per unit as fixed cost gets allocated by manufacturing more units.  · Economies of scope can be achieved by procuring more raw materials for the same location and transporting it in bulk, thus saving on transportation. Also, different type of handsets can be transported from same production facility to different country thus saving on transportation of final product.  · Cost can be reduced by moving manufacturing to low cost countries to improve net margins.  · Forward vertically integrate supply chain by building better relationships with cell phone carriers in developed countries and by efficiently managing distribution and service centres in developing markets to keep costs under control and improve margins. APPENDIX 3: NOKIA OPERATIONS ANALYSIS APPENDX 4: FINANCIAL PROJECTION ANALYSIS Based on data provided in the case exhibit 11, below are the revenue and increase in handset market projections by handset segment and markets (developed and developing). ASSUMPTION Middle East / Africa, Latin America, AP ex. Japan and Eastern Europe are assumed to be part of developing markets and rest of them developed markets. ANALYSIS  · Increase in total handset market is estimated to be about $222 bn.  · Approx. 93% and 72% revenue from basic and enhanced phones segment will come from developing countries.  · Approx. 54% and 72% revenue from smartphones – entry level and smartphones *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" features will come from developed countries.  · Smartphones will be the main drivers of revenue in the developed countries.  · Customers in developing markets will buy all type of products – basic, enhanced, smartphones *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" entry level, smartphones *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" feature. APPENDIX 5: DECISION GRID REASON: 1. Competitive Position: One of the major issue that Nokia is facing in the developed and developing markets is facing is losing competitive positions to other companies. The best alternative (A3) should improve Nokia’s competitive position. 2. Innovation: The success in handset industry rests of launching innovative products from time to time. The best alternative should enhance the company’s ability to launch innovative products in both the markets. So, A3 scores highest point for this factor. 3. Profitability: Overall, company’s financial health should improve by implementing the alternative. According to this criterion, A3 gets the highest score. 4. Ease of implementation: The alternative should be easy to implement and financially feasible for the company. So, A1 (status quo) scores highest point and A2 (exiting developed markets) scores lowest point as it is least feasible and costliest option. A3 is in the middle. 5. Risk: Risk has a negative factor. So, the riskiest option scores least point. A1 is the riskiest option for the reason that no action will likely wipe Nokia out of the developed markets and company will continue to lose market share. So, A1 scores lowest. A2 scores highest as exiting developed market reduces the risk. A3 is also risky as a failure of successful implementation will expose Nokia to high risk.

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Analysis Essay Example

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Analysis Essay The novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, depicts the life of Stephen Deals from his disjointed youth to his clarifying adulthood, In a stream of consciousness approach that reveals his Inner thoughts. Throughout the novel, he perceives the world around him In an unusually keen way, considering he Is extremely aware of his senses, particularly his sense of smell. People by nature have Involuntary connections between their physical world and their mental state, just as Stephen fleets his own subconscious in the everyday smells he encounters. In James Jockeys, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Stephens solidarity allows him to perceive the world in a detached, but consequently, more sensory and observant fashion, demonstrating the theme that isolation leads to self-discovery. Stephen endures a youth filled with disconnection and confusion, followed by an adolescence trite with rebellion, angst, and a superiority complex. As a boy living in Clones University, he feels a sense of detachment that Isolates him from the other boys, but In his naivety he doesnt understand why he Is so different and unhappy. Because of his young age, Stephen doesnt have a fully developed analytical mental process, so he reflects on only what he observes. None-the-less, It Is evident Stephen Is not In a peaceful mental state upon comparing how he perceives the smells at school versus how he perceives those of his family in his memory. Stephen thinks about his mother, correlating her to such a lovely warm smell (22). We will write a custom essay sample on Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Contrastingly, he mentions how the infirmary at Clones came a smell of medicine, (34). This is furthered a few pages later when Stephens peer says, They said you got stinking stuff to drink in the infirmary (38). Stephens time at Clones is ridden with unpleasant associations, whereas his memory of being at home, particularly with his mother, is much more positive. Though, Stephen is too young to verbally associate the smells with being bad, his subconscious does It for him. Stephens disdain for his school Is evident, not only by him saying he wants to go home, but also by his reflected emotions wealth his senses. As Stephen becomes a teenager, he becomes depressive and painfully aware of halls unhappiness. HIS sense of smell again reflects how unhappy he is, now even more grossly emphasized. During one of his particularly dark moments, Stephen is talking about how much he loathes the church and those he sees going. He describes them, The dull piety and the sickly smell of the cheap hair-oil (112). Hi hatred for them is reflected in the vividly unpleasant description he consciously gives them. Aside from knowing what Stephen is feeling through these sensory perceptions, his detachment also is revealed. He is more preoccupied with sensory perceptions than he is with social or even scholarly issues. His priorities do not coincide with those of other boys his age, tenting him apart from everyone else and making him a social pariah. Furthermore, he is less prone to distractions and has a narrower focus on his own reality, making him a prime candidate to become an artist. HIS Incredible awareness of his surroundings, evident In his meticulous sense of smell, contributes to the qualities that make up an artist. Of fear, guilt, and shame, which lead to his feelings of rebirth, discovery, and repent. His sense of smell connotes these emotions through the descriptions of the things he smells. This is the portion of the book that includes his most depressive and stubbed thoughts, so the smells he experiences are the most exaggerated. When Stephen has a nightmarish fantasy, after hearing the vividly impacting sermons, he fears for his soul and recognizes smells as being evil and foul (144). His dream is so horrifying, ridden with a reeking dour poring down his throat, clogging and revolting his entrails, that he wakes up and profusely in agony (144). Stephens sense of smell is being affected by his emotions. His subconscious is identified through the grotesque descriptions of these smells, making it clear that he is battling with severe fear and unrest. But, its also showing the magnitude to which his senses operate. Stephens sense of smell, even that of his dream, pushed him to the point of physical illness. His senses are much stronger than most peoples, which makes the sermons he had to sit and listen to much more impacting to him. He could physically experience what the Father was saying, making his radical transformation understandable. His sensory capacity also contributes to his artistic potential. Considering he has a sense of smell that is capable of inducing sickness, his senses are insurmountable in their power and exactitude. Stephen undergoes a frantic need to expense this torment, and he sees that holiness is the only way to do so. He describes his path to faithfulness and with quiet fragrance he made a covenant with his heart (145). He undergoes a momentary sense of peace, evident in this olfactory description of faith. However, this lapse into religion is as lasting as it is genuine. He quickly revolts, not consciously yet, but his senses again reveal his true feelings. As he further delves into saint-hood, he becomes more and more aware of his discomfort, though at the forefront of his mind he remains content. Upon thinking about becoming devout, he associates more foul smells than he does nice ones, showing the growing disdain for his assumed path. He connotes his troubled mental state with smells, describing The troubling dour of Clones (166). He doesnt want to revert to his lifestyle back at school, revealing that he isnt as happy as he claims. He has therefore not yet discovered himself. Finally Stephen embodies a ponderous, insightful, and peaceful persona. His sense of smell coincides admittedly with his emotions, and for the first time, they are positive. Stephen has identified himself as an artist. This self actualization resonates peacefully within him as the things he smells are described in a calming, lyrical fashion. He develops a questioning nature, pondering and challenging everything. This is what defines him most as an artist, and is what finally sets him apart from the others. His keen senses are not the only divider, but his passion and pursuit also define him as different. Its apparent he has escaped emotional turmoil in his sensory descriptions as well. When he thinks about the girl from the train, his descriptions no longer connote anxiety or unrest; in fact they create a sense of peace ND beauty. His imagination runs ramped in desire as he thinks of her, Her nakedness yielded to him, radiant, warm, odorous and lavish-limbed, enfolded him like a shining cloud (225). There is no mention of anything foul or anything else unpleasant, even the word odorous suggests something pleasant. From this quote depressing disconnection that he endures throughout most of the book. Though he still isnt Just like all the others in his life, he isnt sad anymore. Being different is acceptable for him so long as he understands himself. He finally immerses himself n the artistic world he is destined for, making him content. His sensory perceptions, though still equally powerful as they have been all his life, are no longer reflecting his uncomfortable subconscious, but instead emulating the creative and unique individual he is. Stephen Deals, a rebellious and disconnected boy, grows into a suddenly devout teenager, until he becomes an adult who finally discovered his calling. His differences isolate him from those around him, allowing him to observe the world in a more sensory-based fashion, and evidently leading to his self-discovery as an artist.