Integrated and Collaborative Working Essay

What is incorporated and community oriented working and for what reason is it so significant in youth practice? The various all around broadcasted youngster assurance cases, for example, Baby P and Daniel Pelka have accentuated exactly what can happen when administrations neglect to work cooperatively and this shows why coordinated working and communitarian practice is crucial and basic. The results of deadly mishap enquiries, similar to the instances of the youngsters referenced, constantly reason that an absence of correspondence between offices with respect to sharing of important data and concerns in regards to powerless kids are one factor which requires to be tended to. The thought behind multi-organization working is that youngsters and families who may need extra help are bolstered successfully and productively, along these lines limiting or in any event, keeping any troubles from emerging. Youngsters create in various manners and accomplish formative stages at various rates hence a decent variety of abilities and backing from a scope of various experts is required so as to effectively address these issues. On tenth December 2008, the Scottish Government propelled The Early Years Framework to feature the significance of working in proficient association to give kids the most ideal beginning throughout everyday life. The Scottish Executive’s worry for social incorporation and want to advance ‘joined up’ approaches, an expanded interest on administrations from administration clients and also the emphasis on kid centeredness are only a couple of legitimizations for such an attention on and drive towards collective practice. The advantages of incorporated working are colossal as all experts actualize an all encompassing methodology, and working in organization makes better quality administrations. Incorporated working guarantees early recognizable proof of any troubles by proficient sharing of important data, along these lines guaranteeing that fitting intercession can be conveyed opportune. Families additionally grow nearer associations with an assortment of offices all through the phases of appraisal/mediation bringing about better help and commitment of families, and along these lines the necessities of the youngster are bound to be met. Another advantage is that the more shared working that is done between offices, the more information is moved between experts taking into consideration an all the more very much educated and capable group around the youngster. This could likewise conceivably diminish the requirement for progressively particular administrations. By working in a community oriented way it additionally takes into consideration basic reflection permitting all organizations to take an interest in dynamic while refining theirâ knowledge. All things considered, we are confronted with various boundaries that can regularly make coordinated working not exactly basic. These can incorporate helpless correspondence both inside and among offices, and somewhat an ab sence of vulnerabilities in jobs and obligations, irregularities with respect to enactment, classification and the sharing of data. Subsidizing streams are regularly an obstruction to synergistic working. One which I can identify with in my work environment is practically zero access to IT hardware or potentially good frameworks which would encourage sharing of data. Some examination has been done corresponding to character attributes inside groups and Belbin’s group jobs hypothesis shows the significance of perceiving the qualities and shortcomings of people using the qualities of every individual so as to make a profitable and proficient group, an unmistakably valuable factor in communitarian working. While using the qualities, it is essential to deal with the shortcomings recommending that a lopsided group could similarly as likely become an obstruction. The significance of community oriented working can be found in the case of a Speech and Language Therapist (SLT). This expert works in close organization with youngsters and their families, also different experts. Their main responsibility is to evaluat e kids with discourse, language and correspondence troubles or those with challenges eating, drinking or gulping. Correspondence is a significant piece of youngster improvement which influences each other region of movement. SLT are an important connection among training and wellbeing as they are gifted at distinguishing likely basic troubles/issue. There are numerous variables a SLT needs to consider including the effect these challenges have on the child’s life and the desperation of such a referral. Incorporated working is essential as experts increase a full family ancestry, exhaustive evaluation of each part of the child’s life, and arrange this into a detailing about the child’s challenges and how they are being kept up. On the off chance that such a far reaching appraisal was not accessible, at that point a SLT might show up at an erroneous detailing of a child’s challenges because of inadequate data which different organizations may hold. The hugeness of compelling coordinated working is clear for this situation, as the hindrances recently talked about can make the activity of Speech and Language Therapists exceptionally troublesome as an incorrect plan may bring about genuine ramifications for a child’s mediation. An Educational Psychologist is another professionalâ that vigorously depends on powerful coordinated working. The reason for these experts is to work with youngsters and youngsters who are experiencing issues with accomplishing their learning potential. Gone are where the main method of reasoning for such issues was inborn state of the kid which required rewarding. Rather therapists are thinking about the requirement for modifications in certain outside impacts, for example, condition, educational plan and companions just as interior elements like youngster versatility as potential answers for such challenges. This doesn't sabotage the chance of natural causes, for example, chemical imbalance and so on. Their job is indispensable in supporting youngsters, families, and teachers whereby kids are not accomplishing their most extreme degree of instructive fulfillment out of the blue (be it social, enthusiastic, familial, or scholastically) and instructive therapists must work with a wide range of organizations so as to increase a full and away from of every single likely factor and causes. Urie Bronfenbrenner’s biological hypothesis clarifies how lives are influenced by individuals and occasions around us, additional proof that clinicians have valid justification to accept that specific troubles kids face are in certainty to do with these outside impacts. Bronfenbrenner’s hypothesis depends on five degrees of social collaboration and its belongings. The principal level, Microsystem depends on the most immediate communications. Family, peers, school, work or the zone in which an individual lives. Mesosystem follows and incorporates the connections between microsystems. Nex t is Exosystem which includes the associations with a social situation wherein the individual doesn’t have direct communication. Macrosystem is the impact of culture, religion, conventions and media. These contrast and struggle in various nations. The fifth level Chronosystem comprises of the critical occasions that happen in an individual’s life, for example, getting hitched or separated and so on. Bronfenbrenner accepted that the impact of natural variables was fundamental in forming the improvement of youngsters from youth to adulthood. The Scottish Executive distributed ‘It’s everyone’s employment to ensure I’m alright’ (2002). The focal point of this youngster security survey was a review of the act of police, clinical, nursing, social work, children’s columnist, and training staff inferring that everybody has an obligation and job in shielding and guaranteeing the government assistance of kids. The review depended on an example of 188 cases which secured the scope of potential worries about youngsters from earlyâ identification of defenselessness to validated maltreatment or disregard (the two of which are fundamentally negative to youth improvement). Disregard and misuse can be considered as the natural impacts proposed by Bronfenbrenner that control a child’s movement. Much of the time the review found that kids were not accepting the administrations they required and many couldn't get to administrations, for example, medicinal services if their folks/carers didn't collaborate. This features the significance of incorporated and communitarian practice and the requirement for sharing of data across offices in regards to worries with powerless kids. Great practice incorporated the arrangement of help to guardians and kids as and when was required, ideal reactions, early idea and planning, and precisely surveying the wellspring of the hazard. So as to appropriately evaluate a childs chance, a multiagency approach is required so as to increase a thorough appraisal of the child’s needs. Each expert associated with offering an assistance to youngsters has an obligation to guarantee their security and advance mental prospe rity. So as to do so experts must share data when there are worries about a child’s introduction so as to increase a far reaching appraisal of a child’s needs. Each Child Matters is a UK Government activity for England and Wales propelled in 2003, incompletely because of the demise of Victoria Climbie. It is one of the most significant arrangement activities and improvement programs according to youngsters and children’s administrations. It has been the title of 3 Government papers, which lead to the Children Act 2004. The fundamental points of Every Child Matters are for each youngster, whatever their experience or conditions, to have the help they have to: remain protected, solid, appreciate and accomplish, financial prosperity, and positive commitment. Every one of these topics have a definite structure joined whose results require multiagency associations cooperating to accomplish. Each Child Matters advocates that it is fundamental that all experts working with childr

Studies In The Theory Of Emotional Development

Studies In The Theory Of Emotional Development The maturational procedures and the encouraging condition: Studies in the hypothesis of enthusiastic improvement composed by Donald W. Winnicott is a key book, which is made from assortment of his distributed and unpublished papers on analysis and kid improvement between long periods of 1926-1964. The book educates the perusers about the development procedure of an individual bit by bit from youth to immaturity stage. The principle subject of this book goes back to Freuds hypotheses to earliest stages. Winnicott generally put together his conversations with respect to Freuds essential ideas and he had accepted Freuds ideas as the casing of his references, anyway Winnicott didn't put together his conversations with respect to Freudian idea. All through the paper, it is seen that the thoughts depended on among Winnicotts and Freuds thoughts on maturational procedures (Winnicott, 1965). In this surprising assortment, Dr. Winnicott investigations the maturational procedures in three peri ods of formative methodology, hypothetical methodology and the strategy top to bottom. The book is scripted in a direct language that individuals who are new to psychoanalytic investigation can profit by its prudence. Moreover, the point of this audit is to expand on hypothesis of maturational procedures in enthusiastic advancement by examining Winnicotts speculations on the side of various speculations at of various scholars who contemplates the passionate improvement in like manner. So as to achieve this errand, first the creator and his hypothesis will be presented quickly. In this manner, hypotheses of different scholars will be introduced and talked about inside and out so as to mull over the likeliness of maturational procedures of individual and psychoanalytical treatment meeting. The Author Donald W. Winnicott (1896-1971), Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and psychoanalyst got his first examination from James Strachey. Prior to this occasion, in 1919 he read Freud in Brills interpretation of The Interpretation of Dreams. Strachey was mindful to Winnicotts enthusiasm for youngsters and kid examination by urging him to look into about Melanie Klein. Subsequently, he had become Kleins understudy and gone through quite a while as her supervisee. Approach to comprehend Winnicott, goes from Klein since Klein had called attention to the missing parts from Freuds hypothesis, the enthusiastic turn of events. His achievements of working with newborn children and youngsters clinically, offered ascend to psychoanalytic field, and drove him to turn into the second notable individual after Klein in British Object Relations School. (Phillips, 1988, pp.153-154; Levine, 2006; Winnicott, 1971, pp.7-10). Winnicotts unique thoughts had contrasted from Kleinians. As indicated by Ro dman, Winnicott contrasted from others since he was in close contact with mother and babies. He, likewise, depicted that Winnicotts strife with Kleininas was a defining moment in his life, which drove him to build up the hypothesis of True Self (Levine, 2006). Winnicott had distributed more than 200 papers and numerous significant books including Through Pediatrics to Psychanalysis (1958), Therapeutic Consultations in Child Psychiatry (1971), The Piggle (1977), Play and Reality (1971) (Phillips, 1988, pp.153-154; Levine, 2006; Winnicott, 1971, pp.7-10). Play and Reality, one of his notable books, is improved rendition of his paper Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena (1951), which talks about the significance of transitional stage in a people life, and extraordinary encounters that happen in workmanship, religion and dreamland. Finally, Winnicott alludes to this book the most (Winnicott, 1971, p.15). When Winnicotts separation from Klein watched, one can accept that this procedure is Winnicotts transitional wonders from his chief to turn into a free scholar. Brief outline of the book Section One: Papers on Development Winnicott begins the book from assortment of papers on advancement. To begin with, he clarifies the significance of the psycho-investigation and feeling of blame by expressing A psycho-expert goes to the subject of blame as one who is prone to think as far as development, as far as the advancement of the human individual, the individual enthusiastic development (Winnicott, 1965, p.15). A short time later, Winnicott keeps expressing by feeling of blame is obvious when the youngster enters to Oedipal Stage, since unwittingly the kid is wishing his/her equivalent sex parent to vanish and likewise sentiments of affection and despise ascends in this stage. After this stage, youngster enters to Superego and self image comes in wording with the superego, leaving nervousness to develop into blame. Winnicott states that at this stage, youngster would feel feeling of blame identified with masturbation. He proceeds by depicting the people who obtained blame inclination may experience the ill ef fects of despondency and obsessional anxiety. The source of blame inclination emerges from Oedipus complex, when the youngster begins to encounter three way relationship (mother, father and kid). Next, Winnicott proceeds with the term ability to be distant from everyone else which is exceptionally related with passionate advancement of a person. It is essentially understanding of being separated from everyone else in nearness of someone else, which encourages kids to develop his/her sense of self and adds to fabricate people character. Winnicott incorporates the significance of parent and kid relationship by characterizing the holding condition. The newborn child is needy to holding condition where the mother holds the baby truly, genuinely and in her psyche. Following the mother and the newborn child will live respectively. The kid is currently a psychosomatic (mind inhabiting in the soma) being all alone. He sees all the articles, including his mom, as outside of himself. At this stage, the childs sense of self proceeds onward from the condition of unintegration to incorporation and now he has picked up the ability to create object relations. As such, he has now given from an emotionally structured article to an on impartially saw object relationship, which the baby can live with the dad and mother together. Winnicott incorporates that the newborn child improvement ought to encouraged by sufficient maternal consideration with the end goal for baby to endure. He keeps expressing that it very well may be said that babies inner self is powerless, anyway fortify by his moms conscience. Further on, Winnicott states the significance for youngster to encounter full reliance, relative reliance and freedom, so as to incorporate the sense of self. He incorporates the significance of inner self quality that gets personality support from the moms versatile conduct and love. In like manner, Winnicott explains the connection of requirements of kids to those of babies in wellbeing and emergency. Furthermore, he brings up the significance of the connection between childcare that is given by human services suppliers versus regular consideration that is provided by the guardians. Correspondingly, Winnicott talked about the improvement of the limit with respect to worry in kids. His announcement was concern was accept to have a place with the phase that is before Oedipus complex. The limit with respect to concern was a piece of two body relationship, between the mother and the baby. All together the newborn child to encounter blame or hold it in full desire for a chance to repara tion, he needs to create limit with respect to concern. Following this paper, Winnicott talked about newborn children development from reliance towards autonomy. There are three classes in this issue. The first is supreme reliance, which is the beginning time of passionate turn of events. The newborn child is reliant on the moms belly and care from the earliest starting point. In this segment Winnicott states that This expression maturational procedure alludes to advancement of the sense of self and of oneself, and incorporates the entire story of the id, of impulses and their changes, and of protections in the personality comparative with nature (Winnicott, 1965). In this express, the moms experience a stage called essential maternal distraction where the moms are engrossed with the consideration of their child beginning from the most recent couple of long stretches of pregnancy and couple of weeks after the birth. Their children appear to be a piece of them and they are related to the infant. Likewise, the moms know how their infant fee ls like or what their child needs. In this circumstance, the mother herself is reliant. The following stage is relative reliance where the baby knows about the nearness of reliance. So as to clarify this stage, Winnicott expressed that when the mother is away for a second past the time-length of his (or her) ability to put stock in her endurance, nervousness shows up, and this is the principal sign that the newborn child knows. The last advance is newborn children excursion to towards autonomy. When the kid passed the two stages typically, he/she will get qualified to meet with world and its hardships, since he/she will have the option to see what is as of now present in his(her own self. In conclusion, this stage clarifies the endeavors of the little child kid and of the kid at pubescence. Section Two: Theory and Technique In the second part Winnicott, committed himself educating the perusers about the speculations regarding kid brain research and the strategies that is utilized in youngster analysis. Winnicott begins with commitments of direct kid perception to psycho-examination. As per Winnicotts direct perception, the child must have a physical and mental development so as to have a full passionate turn of events. At the point when these marvels happen in therapy the investigator can't date when it happened. Be that as it may, the investigator will have the option to depict to patients early stages. Moreover, babies play become recognize in procedure of examination. Play incorporates the self-improvement of through creative mind. Winnicotts principal essential hypothesis is transitional item and marvels. In this stage, the ordinary creating child receives a bit of material or a teddy bear. For some time the youngster will expose this item to himself; he will convey it with him constantly and needs to have full ownership of the article. In this manner, as indicated by Winnicott, beginning from earliest stages, the mother

How Mountains Are Formed :: Informative Essays

How Are Mountains Formed? Â Â Â Â Â Mountains are shaped over significant stretches of time by powers of the earth. Mountains just don’t show up in wherever. Most are shaped when plates, or tremendous bits of the Earth’s outside, pull and push against one another. Amazing mountain ranges are shaped by the development of structural plates. Convection flows somewhere down in the mantle of the earth, starts to gush towards the surface. As the weight expands, it gets the crustal plates under way. There are various types of mountains - Volcanic, Folded, Fault-square, and Arch mountains. Volcanic mountains are framed when magma comes up through breaks in the Earth’s hull and bursts out magma and debris. The Hawaiian volcanoes, Mt. Hood, Mt. Etna, Vesuvius, and Mt. Holy person Helens are instances of volcanic mountains. Rocks are hard yet in time they can twist or overlay creating Folded mountains. The Alps framed as the Eurasian plate pushed against the African plate. Different instances of collapsed mountains are the Rockies, Himalayas, Appalayas, and the Andes. Deficiency square mountains are framed when one plate pushes or pulls from another plate. In the Earth, hot flows of magma or liquid stone may gush and split the debilitated outside layer above. As the outside layer splits, squares of rock rise or fall shaping Shortcoming square mountains. Instances of these mountains are the Sierra Nevada in California and the Grand Tetons in Wyoming. Vault mountains are shaped by a similar sort of liquid stone that structures Volcanic mountains. As magma comes up in a break in the Earth’s outside layer, it doesn't rise to the top, however the liquid stone pushes the ground up into a vault. Models are Yosemite’s Half Dome, the Adirondacks in New York, and the Black Hills in South Dakota.Some mountains began at the base of the ocean. How Mountains Are Formed :: Informative Essays How Are Mountains Formed? Â Â Â Â Â Mountains are framed over extensive stretches of time by powers of the earth. Mountains just don’t show up in wherever. Most are framed when plates, or enormous bits of the Earth’s outside layer, pull and push against one another. Amazing mountain ranges are shaped by the development of structural plates. Convection flows somewhere down in the mantle of the earth, starts to gush towards the surface. As the weight builds, it gets the crustal plates under way. There are various types of mountains - Volcanic, Folded, Fault-square, and Vault mountains. Volcanic mountains are framed when magma comes up through splits in the Earth’s covering and bursts out magma and debris. The Hawaiian volcanoes, Mt. Hood, Mt. Etna, Vesuvius, and Mt. Holy person Helens are instances of volcanic mountains. Rocks are hard however in time they can twist or crease creating Folded mountains. The Alps framed as the Eurasian plate pushed against the African plate. Different instances of collapsed mountains are the Rockies, Himalayas, Appalayas, and the Andes. Issue square mountains are shaped when one plate pushes or pulls from another plate. In the Earth, hot flows of magma or liquid stone may gush and break the debilitated outside above. As the outside splits, squares of rock rise or fall shaping Shortcoming square mountains. Instances of these mountains are the Sierra Nevada in California and the Grand Tetons in Wyoming. Vault mountains are shaped by a similar sort of liquid stone that structures Volcanic mountains. As magma comes up in a split in the Earth’s outside layer, it doesn't rise to the top, however the liquid stone pushes the ground up into an arch. Models are Yosemite’s Half Dome, the Adirondacks in New York, and the Black Hills in South Dakota.Some mountains began at the base of the ocean.

The Power of Literature Western and Outside Sources in Maos World - Literature Essay Samples

In life, reading is a gift. Reading often remains an instrumental component of growth, change, and influence. At times, reading literature delivers a magical power that can reveal new worlds and perspectives to people. Beginning in 1966, The Cultural Revolution in China, created by Mao Zedong, exiled the upper class youth into re-education camps in an ironic attempt to ‘limit’ their learning. Despite the name of the camps, Mao restricted all forms of education, including reading. For the majority, only those who secretly gained possession of ‘non-approved’ literature were actual able to further broaden their knowledge. In Dai Sijies novel Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress, the various Western books greatly influence the narrator by changing his perspective on individualism during his re-education, from one of limited free, unbiased thinking to one based on independent thought, reasoning, and judgment. Romain Rolland, the author of Jean-Christophe, greatly helps the narrator find transit into a world of freedom and individual choices, while also leading him to hate the Chinese re-education system. After reading Jean-Christophe, the narrator comments â€Å"up until this stolen encounter with Romain Rolland’s hero, my poor educated and re-educated brains had been incapable of grasping the notion of one man standing up against the whole world† (Dai 110). This quotation broadly grasps the effects of western literature on the narrator. His culture and those in charge of his ‘re-education’ were telling him that society, as a whole, was more important than one individuals thought or desires. But he was reading, learning, and believing that one man, or woman, can make a huge difference, and that this impact will not necessary harm society, but has the potential to better it, and make it more fulfilling for all. The wording and comedy in this quote also demonstrat e the narrator’s realization of his previous seclusion from independent, ‘western’ ideals. It clearly demonstrates the power of the stolen books on him. He believes this literature improves a â€Å"poorly educated† mind that did not know much about the joys of outside world such as love, to a man that believes in a more individualistic approach on life. When the narrator crosses the dangerous ridge to get to the Little Seamstress, he contemplates, â€Å"I wonder what my good friend Jean-Christophe would say if I were to turn back† (Dai 114). The narrator starts to adapt what he reads into deciding his choices by considering Jean-Christophe’s opinions on his actions. In this case, Jean-Christophe helps the narrator realize the value of his life and convinces him to turn back and not risk the chance of falling. These examples show the influence that Jean-Christophe had on the narrator as he starts to incorporate the Western values that he reads about such as love and desire into his previous selfless, rural-based life. Many of the books that the narrator reads contain common ideals about love, women, and sex, which expose the narrator to new feelings and emotions. After stealing books from Four Eyes, the narrator comments that the Western novels introduce new feelings such as being â€Å"seduced, overwhelmed, spellbound by the mystery of the outside world, especially the world of women, love and sex as revealed to us by these Western writers† (Dai 109). It initially shocks the narrator when exposed to these â€Å"Western† concepts. But he incorporates these desires into actions showing the power of literature. He starts to think â€Å"After all, how could I die now, without having known love or sex, without having taken free individual action against the whole world† (Dai 114). The narrator realizes that his life is worth much more than how he previously believed it was. Because of his exposure to ideas such as love and sex, the narrator wants to experience these aspects in his own life. The Western writers introduce and describe real human desires, deep emotions, and joys of life to the previously sheltered narrator, which changes his perception on freedom and individualism. The Western novels influence the narrator, as he becomes more resentful towards the Communist Government because they repress the people of China by banning most books. Once the narrator and Luo reach the literary treasures found within the suitcase in Four Eye’s house, the narrator comments that he feels â€Å"loathing for everyone who kept these books from us† (Dai 99). The narrator and Luo both find themselves full of rancor towards the society that prohibits and â€Å"keeps these books from [them].† If not for finding these books, or perhaps others, the narrator may have not seen how repressed the people of China are under Mao Zedong. Dai implies that the narrator begins to realize that ‘re-education’ actually restricts what life can truly be like. The narrator compares the repressed and censored Chinese films that he has seen, to his new Western way of thinking, which he retained from the books when he says â€Å"the stark proletarian realism of those stories, which had represented the sum total of my cultural education until a short while ago, struck me as being so far removed from human desires and true emotions, in short from real life† (Dai 124). â€Å"The stark proletarian realism of those stories† from the Chinese films shows little to no aspects of true human desires and emotions because of the restricted censorship that the Communist Government places over the Chinese people. After the narrator encounters the possibilities inherent in freedom due to the books, he realizes these limitations placed by the Chinese ‘system’. This realization causes the narrator to have contempt and hatred towards the authorities. It is a fitting conclusion that those who sent the narrator for ‘re-education’ to enforce their desires upon the masses, end up being despised because of their hypocrisy. Despite the attempt to limit the narrator’s ‘education’ by forcing him into a rural mountain area with little outside influence in hopes of limiting his drive, it has the opposite effect. This failed effort on the narrator demonstrates the long-term folly of ‘re-education’, or any excessive restraint on our natural desire for freedom. Though many may go through a similar deconditioning experience, even in today’s world, and not fully adopt an independent mind, perhaps due to the lack of outside influence, especially books, enough will seek out and discover knowledge, most often through the written word, to radically change themselves and the world around them. The narrator’s outlook on life followed just this route, changing from one of limited independent thinking to one based on free thought and desire, just from reading stolen Western books. This influence on the narrator reveals the remarkable power of literature and its potential effect on the entire human race.

Argument Supporting Gay Marriage Essay - 1268 Words

People are born homosexual. If you are homosexual you cannot get married. That idea is ridiculous. On June 26, 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled that the US Constitution guarantees the right for same-sex couples to marry. Marriage is defined as a sacred bond of love between two people. Gay people also feel love therefore, they should be allowed the same rights as everyone else in this country. Homosexuality is an accepted lifestyle nowadays with a proven biological causation. The only thing that should matter in marriage is love and denying them this is a violation of religious freedom. According to studies done by Simon LeVey, being gay is a biological cause, not a choice made when one is very young. It is also an accepted†¦show more content†¦The number one reason that heterosexuals marry is not to establish legal status, allow joint filing of taxes, or protect each other in medical decision-making. They marry because it is the ultimate expression of a persons love for another. Marriage is a commitment that says I love you so much that I want to live the rest of my life with you. I want to share the ups and downs, forsake all others, and be together until death do us part. Should it matter that the couple doesnt fit into what society is used to? What matters is that they love each other. Some people talk about living wills and other legal contracts that can give homosexuals essentially the same rights as a married couple. If that is the case, why dont all heterosexual couples use these legal maneuvers instead of marriage? Just maybe theres something mor e to it. This whole act denies them their right to show affection and denies them religious freedom. The main reason for denying marriage to gay couples is that all major religions consider homosexuality a sin, however, the First Amendment of the Constitution clearly states that a persons religious views or lack thereof must be protected. Marriage by the state is a secular activity, the government cannot start making laws just because a religion says they should. Whats next, should we make taking the Lords name in vain a criminal activity because Christians consider it a breaking of a commandment? No! There are atShow MoreRelatedEssay about Argument Supporting Gay Marriage2223 Words   |  9 Pagessupport of gay marriage, and no on bans of gay marriage. The opening scenario of Lindsey and Beth is a dilemma that is becoming more of a real situation each day. The fact is that people are forming unions regardless of the law. In all fairness, the people involved in these relationships should have the same legal rights as all other Americans that are involved in long-term relationships and decide to get married. 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Stoddard uses minor claims in his discussion of homosexual people being denied their rightsRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized in the United States Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesDebate Paper Should same sex marriage be legalized in the United States? In some of our states laws have already been passed to allow same sex couples the freedom to get married, while other states are still resisting for one reason or another. As with everything else there is more than one side, more than one argument supporting and more than one argument resisting the changes being proposed. There are religious reasons, moral reasons, constitutional reasons and financial reasons being used by both

The Iliad Herioc Code - 1444 Words

Kenneth Ballard CLA 202: Classical Epic: Gods and Heroes Paper #1 The heroic code in the Iliad is expressed by many characters throughout the book, whether it be through their actions, intentions, or teachings. The heroic code stems from the belief that honor is, above all, the most important virtue in life and all men must honor themselves, their families, and their fellow comrades through specific character traits and actions. This concept is the primary goal in a Homeric hero’s life. Specifically, courage in battle, even in the face of clear danger or death is an essential source of a man’s honor. Death, in the context of the heroic code, can be seen as a relief of the constant struggle these characters are up against in†¦show more content†¦Hector, having the degree of honor that he does, says â€Å"All this weighs on my mind too, dear woman. But I would die of shame to face the men of Troy and the Trojan women trailing their long robes if I would shrink from battle now, a coward†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦I’ve learne d to well. To stand up bravely, always to fight in the front ranks of Trojan soldiers, winning my father great glory, glory for myself.† (Homer, Iliad 6. 522-529) This is a great example of what Hector really stands for in terms of his honor. He talks about honoring himself, as well as his father and his people, which I mentioned before is another facet of being a true Homeric hero. He is willing to make his son fatherless and his wife without a husband, all in the name of glory and honor to his fellow soldiers and people of the Trojan empire. His statement is also a good contrast between the femininity of Andromache, with her desires for a husband to stay alive and be there for her and her son, while Hector desires glory and to be at the front ranks of the battle so he can be remembered and bring glory to himself and his family. Another premium example where Hectors displays Homeric qualities occurs in book twenty two when Achilles, â€Å"the swift runner† is pursuing Hector in their final battle where it would all come to a gruesome end. Hector had already shown courgage and the bravery common to a Homeric Hero by being the

Emerging Nokia free essay sample

INTRODUCTION Nokia, one of the leading handset manufacturers, is losing market share in developing and developed markets whereas total handset market is expected to grow by $222 bn. by 2013 (appendix 4). Appearance of smartphone market and rapid adoption of the latest technology by the competitors such as Apple, Samsung etc. has lit Nokia’s platform on fire in the developed market and threatened its dominance in the developing markets. Nokia has been great at turnaround strategy. Will Nokia be able to turn tables this time? KEY ISSUES Nokia faces different key issues in the developed markets and the developing markets: Issues in Developed Market  · Should Nokia quit the developed market?  · If they stay in the developed market, what products and services should be offered? Issues in Developing Market  · What should Nokia do to gain back its market leader position in the developing markets?  · What can Nokia do to improve products and services offered in the developing markets? PROBLEM STATEMENT Nokia’s CEO, Mr. Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo, is facing an issue whether Nokia should implement different strategy in the developed and the developing markets or a single global strategy and what products and services should be offered in the markets where Nokia decides to stay? EXTERNAL ANALYSIS As the industry operates in a different way in both the markets, different Porter’s five forces has been conducted for the developed and the developing markets. PORTERS FIVE FORCES (SEE APPENDIX 1) 2 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE, ECONOMICS AND TRENDS Below mentioned industry structure and trends can be observed in developing and developed markets: Commonality between Both the Markets  · A number of computer manufacturer such as Dell, Acer, Apple and Google have entered the market, thereby, threatening mainstream handset manufacturers dominance.  · In the software for handsets, ecosystems developed by specialist firms (and not handset manufacturer), such as Google, with support for third partly application is increasingly becoming more popular. Smartphones and third party applications are becoming more popular as consumers are spending more on smartphones and third party applications. Developed Markets:  · The trend in the developed market is changing from basic phones enhanced phones to smartphones. Projections for 2010 *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 13 (case exhibit 11) assert this fact.  · Based on projections 2010 *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 13, Smartphones will be the key revenue driver in the developed markets (See appendix 4). Basic and enhanced phones will contribute very little to the growth.  · Cell phone carriers are responsible for marketing, sales and distribution of handsets. So, strong relationships with cell phone carrier are vital for success of the product. Developing Markets:  · Marketing, sales and distribution of the handsets is handled by the manufacturer. Vast distribution network and penetration in the market is vital for success.  · Handset market in developing countries is volume driven market (low end handsets; low ASP) as well as price driven (high end handsets; high ASP) market. So, the revenue will be driven by both low end and high end handsets (see appendix 4).  · Products that are launched first in the developed markets are adopted in the developing markets in future. A lot of new products are manufactured and launched only in the developing markets to tap low end phones market. Penetration in the developing market is through first time sale. The crux of the situation is that industry in developed and developing markets is changing in different way. 3 COMPETITOR ANALYSIS The external environment for cell phone manufacturers is shifting from basic and enhanced phones to smartphones in the developed market and spread across the product lines in the developing markets. This shift is rapid in the developed markets whereas gradual in the developing markets. The competitors such as Samsung, Motorola, Apple and Google have quickly reacted to the change and adapted well. Apple, Google and Samsung have together threatened Nokia’s position as a leader in the developed markets. Samsung and LG are following the suite in the developing markets by introducing large number of low to high end products. Nokia’s current strategy has proven futile against competitors. One of the reasons of Nokia’s strategy failure is that it did not keep abreast of what competitors were doing. The industry changed completely in a couple of years and Nokia is unable to meet the market expectations. As a result, Nokia lost its position as a leader in India. Nokia’s future seems to be in dark in the developed countries. Also, Nokia is losing ground to competitors in the developing market. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS Key success factors for developed and developing markets are outlined below: As key success factors for both the markets are different, Nokia will have to adjust according to the customers’ need in both the markets. INTERNAL ANALYSIS Let’s look at Nokia’s current strategy to give insight into how Nokia should react to the rapidly changing industry. COMPANY’S STRATEGY Business Strategy: Integrated (dual advantage) in both developing and developed markets as it launches similar products in both the markets. More low cost products are launched in the developing markets to penetrate deep as these are price sensitive and volume based markets for Nokia. Core Competency: Nokia’s core competency is to manufacture wireless handsets and its ability to adapt to changing market conditions. The company has a long history of turning around the businesses at numerous occasions from paper manufacturer to rubber manufacturer to the electronics company and finally to a leading handset manufacturer. Geographies: Developed markets (Western Europe and North America) and developing markets (Eastern Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa and Latin America). FINANCIAL ANALYSIS  · Nokia has been increasing its RD spending but its return on sales has been declining (case exhibit 2). More RD spending is not giving Nokia a competitive advantage as it has been launching many low cost products is developing markets, resulting in high RD cost on low margin products. The company does not have a great product to compete against Apple or Samsung in the smartphone market.  · Revenue and operating profits from device service segment has declined significantly since 2007 (case exhibit 3) i. e. Nokia has been losing against its competitors in major markets in its core competent segment *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" devices and services.  · The developed markets (mainly Europe) are the most lucrative markets for Nokia as they are the primary revenue driver and most profitable as well as ASP and gross margins for smartphones are much higher as compared to basic phones.  · Low P/E ratio (case exhibit 8) as compared to competitors such as Samsung and Apple reflects that market is casting doubts on Nokia’s future as a dominant player as Nokia is trading at lower multiple as compared to the competitors. To summarize the financial analysis, Nokia has been losing market share in both developed and developing markets, its profitability has been declining and the market is casting doubts on its future growth. OPERATIONS ANALYSIS (SEE TABLE IN APPENDIX 3) At Nokia, the organizational structure is changing from product based to functional organization. The change has been slow as they are late to react to changing needs of the market from device only market to device and solutions based market. The vision of producing customer centered products is aligning Nokia against the needs of the customer. Nokia has 9 factories and complex distribution network across the globe. As discussed in supply chain analysis (appendix 2), managing and controlling such huge operations can be a cost disadvantage. Moreover, revenue allocation of 10% to RD, for a company whose success rests on innovation, is too low. Also, more products launched in developing markets means less RD spending per product. More RD cost should be allocated to designing few innovative and technologically advanced products with latest ecosystem that can compete strongly against emerging players in the developed markets. MARKETING AND COMPETITIVE POSITION In the developed markets, the cell phone carriers market and distribute products for handset manufacturers. Strong relationship with cell phone carrier can put manufacturer at the forefront. Nokia does not have very strong relationship with the cellphone carriers as they do not have the ability to exert pressure on the buyer whereas Apple does. However, in the developing markets, the manufacturers market their own product. Extensive sales and distribution network play vital role. Nokia has strong presence in India with extensive distribution network whereas competitors do not have as strong network. So, Nokia is better placed in terms of marketing and distribution in the developing markets as opposed to the developed markets. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES Clearly, Nokia is at crossroads in the developed markets and is fast losing its place as a dominant player in the developing markets. Below mentioned are the alternatives that Nokia should consider to compete globally: A1: STATUS QUO (SINGLE GLOBAL STRATEGY) The first alternative Nokia has is to maintain status quo i. e. do nothing. Although easy to implement, the strategy is the least profitable and has high risk of Nokia continuing to lose market share in both the developing and the developed market. A2: EXIT DEVELOPED MARKET Nokia can exit developed market and focus only on the developing markets. Nokia can allocate more resources in the developing markets and fight to gain its dominant position in the developing markets. However, exiting the most profitable markets (i. e. developed markets) will not only strengthen competitors’ positions but also obstruct Nokia’s ability to continuously innovate as latest technology and advanced services are first launched in the developed countries. These devices and technology is transferred in the future to the developing markets. Quitting developed market will thus impact Nokia’s competitive position not only in the developed market but also in the developing market. Moreover, developed and developing markets are expected to grow by same size ($115 bn. and $107 bn. respectively *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" see appendix 4), so, if Nokia quits developed markets it will lose half of the future handset market. A3: DIFFERENT BUSINESS STRATEGY IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING MARKETS Nokia can adopt different strategy in the developed markets and the developing markets. It should adopt differentiation strategy in the developed markets and integrated (dual advantage) strategy in developing markets. Nokia should offer high end products with advanced technology in the developed markets as product features, quality and coolness are vital for success in developed markets. On the other hand, Nokia should continue to operate with dual advantage strategy in the developing markets as a range of products (low end to high end) are successful in developing countries. RECOMMENDATION AND IMLEMENTATION Based on the decision criteria discussed in appendix 5, the alternative A3 *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" different strategy for both markets – scores the maximum points. As both the markets are expected to grow by approximately same size by 2013 and developed markets are high margin markets, Mr. Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo should implement different strategies for each market. To effectively compete against the emerging players in the developed markets, Nokia should partner with a leading software company that will develop latest mobile ecosystem for high end phones i. e. smartphones while leveraging its own core competency of producing reliable handsets. Microsoft is an ideal match as they are struggling with cell phone hardware as they have been unable to capture noticeable market share. Nokia should continue to use existing software in medium and low end phones. Nokia should improve operations by forward vertically integrating supply chain (discussed more in supply chain), reducing the number of factories (max 3 or 4) to manufacture handsets to achieve economies of scope and scale and thus reduce cost. Forward vertical integration by building better relationships with carriers in developed markets and efficiently managing distribution centres in developing countries will empower Nokia to exert more control on supply chain, and thus reduce cost. As Nokia has lost ground in the developed markets, it needs to improve relationship with cell phone carriers to be effectively able to market, distribute and sell its products. Also, in the developing markets they should reduce the number of products launched every year so as to spend more on RD per product and launch better high end products to leverage from high profitability in the developed market. RD spending should be higher than 10% of revenue (ideally between 15% – 20%) as success of products rests on innovation. It should invest considerable amount of resources to understand the competition focus and hot trends in the rapidly changing industry in both the markets. Below is the list of products and services that Nokia should provide in the developed and the developing markets: Developed Markets Developing Markets apple market or android market (application store). Wide array of products (high to low end) Advanced technology in high end products and better usability in low end products. Latest ecosystem in high end products and easy to use software for medium to low end products as those are likely used by rural population. Innovative services such as life tools that have better usability according to the country. Premium (high end) to low (low end). Penetration in the market is price sensitive. Launch some high end products against Android phones as well as continue to launch medium and low end phones against Samsung and LG. PORTER’S FIVE FORCES Competitors: Samsung, Motorola, LG Device only based model with basic services such as text service or life tools. Smartphone market very small but expanding. Frequent new products introductions e. g.. Samsung added 120 new products in 2008 against 50 added by Nokia Price war among competitors to launch phones at all price points. Competitors: Apple, Google, RIM, Samsung, Motorola, Sony Ericson, Microsoft Device and service based model with third party applications. Intense marketing to compete against the products. Sales and promotions through cell phone carriers. Better the relationship with carrier, higher the chances of success. Price war among competing firms as the prices of smartphones are declining. Threat of Substitute Products Low High Substitute Products: Fixed line, Pagers, PDA’s, Smartphones Substitute Products: Fixed line phones, Pagers, PDA’s, Smartphones 1 Substitute products are out-dated. Low cost wireless handsets offer cost effective 1 Nokia does not have a latest smartphone with competent products for a family with a limited disposable income software such as iOS in iPhone or Android in Nexua to compete so smartphone is a substitute to Nokia’s product. Developing markets have transitioned without going through the true phases of adopting substitutes Fixed line phones are not real substitutes to wireless handsets. (Fixed lines hamper mobility) yet difficult to switch due to high switching cost(fixed term contract for smartphones etc) Smartphones are quite expensive, normal customers cannot afford it. Smartphones are eating Nokia’s market share in the developed markets. Customers are early adopters of latest technology. APPENDIX 2: SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS Sourcing Logistics Nokia’s supply chain is very vast and complex. They have 9 factories around the world that manufacture and supply phones around the world. They can move their manufacturing to a few locations and manufacture handsets and components in a few low cost countries to achieve economies of scope and economies of scale.  · Economies of scope can be achieved by manufacturing more handsets from few location by producing large quantities i. e. by reducing fixed cost per unit as fixed cost gets allocated by manufacturing more units.  · Economies of scope can be achieved by procuring more raw materials for the same location and transporting it in bulk, thus saving on transportation. Also, different type of handsets can be transported from same production facility to different country thus saving on transportation of final product.  · Cost can be reduced by moving manufacturing to low cost countries to improve net margins.  · Forward vertically integrate supply chain by building better relationships with cell phone carriers in developed countries and by efficiently managing distribution and service centres in developing markets to keep costs under control and improve margins. APPENDIX 3: NOKIA OPERATIONS ANALYSIS APPENDX 4: FINANCIAL PROJECTION ANALYSIS Based on data provided in the case exhibit 11, below are the revenue and increase in handset market projections by handset segment and markets (developed and developing). ASSUMPTION Middle East / Africa, Latin America, AP ex. Japan and Eastern Europe are assumed to be part of developing markets and rest of them developed markets. ANALYSIS  · Increase in total handset market is estimated to be about $222 bn.  · Approx. 93% and 72% revenue from basic and enhanced phones segment will come from developing countries.  · Approx. 54% and 72% revenue from smartphones – entry level and smartphones *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" features will come from developed countries.  · Smartphones will be the main drivers of revenue in the developed countries.  · Customers in developing markets will buy all type of products – basic, enhanced, smartphones *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" entry level, smartphones *â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" feature. APPENDIX 5: DECISION GRID REASON: 1. Competitive Position: One of the major issue that Nokia is facing in the developed and developing markets is facing is losing competitive positions to other companies. The best alternative (A3) should improve Nokia’s competitive position. 2. Innovation: The success in handset industry rests of launching innovative products from time to time. The best alternative should enhance the company’s ability to launch innovative products in both the markets. So, A3 scores highest point for this factor. 3. Profitability: Overall, company’s financial health should improve by implementing the alternative. According to this criterion, A3 gets the highest score. 4. Ease of implementation: The alternative should be easy to implement and financially feasible for the company. So, A1 (status quo) scores highest point and A2 (exiting developed markets) scores lowest point as it is least feasible and costliest option. A3 is in the middle. 5. Risk: Risk has a negative factor. So, the riskiest option scores least point. A1 is the riskiest option for the reason that no action will likely wipe Nokia out of the developed markets and company will continue to lose market share. So, A1 scores lowest. A2 scores highest as exiting developed market reduces the risk. A3 is also risky as a failure of successful implementation will expose Nokia to high risk.

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Analysis Essay Example

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Analysis Essay The novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, depicts the life of Stephen Deals from his disjointed youth to his clarifying adulthood, In a stream of consciousness approach that reveals his Inner thoughts. Throughout the novel, he perceives the world around him In an unusually keen way, considering he Is extremely aware of his senses, particularly his sense of smell. People by nature have Involuntary connections between their physical world and their mental state, just as Stephen fleets his own subconscious in the everyday smells he encounters. In James Jockeys, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Stephens solidarity allows him to perceive the world in a detached, but consequently, more sensory and observant fashion, demonstrating the theme that isolation leads to self-discovery. Stephen endures a youth filled with disconnection and confusion, followed by an adolescence trite with rebellion, angst, and a superiority complex. As a boy living in Clones University, he feels a sense of detachment that Isolates him from the other boys, but In his naivety he doesnt understand why he Is so different and unhappy. Because of his young age, Stephen doesnt have a fully developed analytical mental process, so he reflects on only what he observes. None-the-less, It Is evident Stephen Is not In a peaceful mental state upon comparing how he perceives the smells at school versus how he perceives those of his family in his memory. Stephen thinks about his mother, correlating her to such a lovely warm smell (22). We will write a custom essay sample on Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Contrastingly, he mentions how the infirmary at Clones came a smell of medicine, (34). This is furthered a few pages later when Stephens peer says, They said you got stinking stuff to drink in the infirmary (38). Stephens time at Clones is ridden with unpleasant associations, whereas his memory of being at home, particularly with his mother, is much more positive. Though, Stephen is too young to verbally associate the smells with being bad, his subconscious does It for him. Stephens disdain for his school Is evident, not only by him saying he wants to go home, but also by his reflected emotions wealth his senses. As Stephen becomes a teenager, he becomes depressive and painfully aware of halls unhappiness. HIS sense of smell again reflects how unhappy he is, now even more grossly emphasized. During one of his particularly dark moments, Stephen is talking about how much he loathes the church and those he sees going. He describes them, The dull piety and the sickly smell of the cheap hair-oil (112). Hi hatred for them is reflected in the vividly unpleasant description he consciously gives them. Aside from knowing what Stephen is feeling through these sensory perceptions, his detachment also is revealed. He is more preoccupied with sensory perceptions than he is with social or even scholarly issues. His priorities do not coincide with those of other boys his age, tenting him apart from everyone else and making him a social pariah. Furthermore, he is less prone to distractions and has a narrower focus on his own reality, making him a prime candidate to become an artist. HIS Incredible awareness of his surroundings, evident In his meticulous sense of smell, contributes to the qualities that make up an artist. Of fear, guilt, and shame, which lead to his feelings of rebirth, discovery, and repent. His sense of smell connotes these emotions through the descriptions of the things he smells. This is the portion of the book that includes his most depressive and stubbed thoughts, so the smells he experiences are the most exaggerated. When Stephen has a nightmarish fantasy, after hearing the vividly impacting sermons, he fears for his soul and recognizes smells as being evil and foul (144). His dream is so horrifying, ridden with a reeking dour poring down his throat, clogging and revolting his entrails, that he wakes up and profusely in agony (144). Stephens sense of smell is being affected by his emotions. His subconscious is identified through the grotesque descriptions of these smells, making it clear that he is battling with severe fear and unrest. But, its also showing the magnitude to which his senses operate. Stephens sense of smell, even that of his dream, pushed him to the point of physical illness. His senses are much stronger than most peoples, which makes the sermons he had to sit and listen to much more impacting to him. He could physically experience what the Father was saying, making his radical transformation understandable. His sensory capacity also contributes to his artistic potential. Considering he has a sense of smell that is capable of inducing sickness, his senses are insurmountable in their power and exactitude. Stephen undergoes a frantic need to expense this torment, and he sees that holiness is the only way to do so. He describes his path to faithfulness and with quiet fragrance he made a covenant with his heart (145). He undergoes a momentary sense of peace, evident in this olfactory description of faith. However, this lapse into religion is as lasting as it is genuine. He quickly revolts, not consciously yet, but his senses again reveal his true feelings. As he further delves into saint-hood, he becomes more and more aware of his discomfort, though at the forefront of his mind he remains content. Upon thinking about becoming devout, he associates more foul smells than he does nice ones, showing the growing disdain for his assumed path. He connotes his troubled mental state with smells, describing The troubling dour of Clones (166). He doesnt want to revert to his lifestyle back at school, revealing that he isnt as happy as he claims. He has therefore not yet discovered himself. Finally Stephen embodies a ponderous, insightful, and peaceful persona. His sense of smell coincides admittedly with his emotions, and for the first time, they are positive. Stephen has identified himself as an artist. This self actualization resonates peacefully within him as the things he smells are described in a calming, lyrical fashion. He develops a questioning nature, pondering and challenging everything. This is what defines him most as an artist, and is what finally sets him apart from the others. His keen senses are not the only divider, but his passion and pursuit also define him as different. Its apparent he has escaped emotional turmoil in his sensory descriptions as well. When he thinks about the girl from the train, his descriptions no longer connote anxiety or unrest; in fact they create a sense of peace ND beauty. His imagination runs ramped in desire as he thinks of her, Her nakedness yielded to him, radiant, warm, odorous and lavish-limbed, enfolded him like a shining cloud (225). There is no mention of anything foul or anything else unpleasant, even the word odorous suggests something pleasant. From this quote depressing disconnection that he endures throughout most of the book. Though he still isnt Just like all the others in his life, he isnt sad anymore. Being different is acceptable for him so long as he understands himself. He finally immerses himself n the artistic world he is destined for, making him content. His sensory perceptions, though still equally powerful as they have been all his life, are no longer reflecting his uncomfortable subconscious, but instead emulating the creative and unique individual he is. Stephen Deals, a rebellious and disconnected boy, grows into a suddenly devout teenager, until he becomes an adult who finally discovered his calling. His differences isolate him from those around him, allowing him to observe the world in a more sensory-based fashion, and evidently leading to his self-discovery as an artist.

What Is a 401k Everything You Need to Know

What Is a 401k Everything You Need to Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you have the option of setting up a 401k plan? Does your employer offer a 401k matching benefit? Are you confused about what these words even mean? Don't worry! We'll explain everything you need to know about these accounts, but, first, what is a 401k, exactly? A 401k is a retirement savings account sponsored by an employer and designed by the government to give you tax benefits on your savings. Your money quietly grows until the time you can withdraw it in your late 50s. This guide will explain exactly what a 401k does, what you can and can't do with it, how to put money in it, and how it can set you up for a financially secure retirement. For anyone new to the world of 401k plans, let’s start with a quick review of terms. Saving for Retirement Terms: A Glossary Here are some terms you’ll see throughout the guide and a brief working definition of each: 401k: an employer-sponsored retirement account that allows your money to grow over time. Your company has to offer it, and it chooses the rules. Traditional 401k: this is the most common 401k account. You contribute money before it is taxed. Then, you pay taxes on your money when you withdraw after age 59 1/2 (or 55 if you've retired). Roth 401k: this is a newer 401k account where you contribute money that’s already been taxed. You don’t have to pay taxes later when you withdraw. IRA: this stands for Individual Retirement Account. An IRA doesn’t have to be employer-sponsored. You can transfer your 401k money into an IRA in the event you lose your job or your company goes under. Brokerage account: another option for investing your money independently. A brokerage account doesn’t offer the same tax benefits as a 401k or IRA, but your stock options are unlimited. Employer matching: many employers will match all or some of your yearly contributions to your 401k. Free money! While Roth 401k’s are gaining in popularity, most of us will still be offered a traditional 401k through our company. Therefore, we'll start by going more into detail about traditional accounts to answer our million dollar question: what is a 401k plan? Employer matching is the best. With both you and your company contributing to your nest egg, it can grow quite large over time. What Is a 401k? A 401k is an employer-sponsored retirement savings account. Not all employers offer 401ks, but those who do determine how it works. For instance, the employer chooses the various funds that make up your 401k portfolio. Since your employer has to offer it, you can't set up a solo 401k on your own. If you decide to open a 401k account, you’ll typically contribute money to it automatically each month or year. If so inclined, your company may match your contributions anywhere from 25% to 100% (some companies even go beyond 100% for the highest paid employees). Some 401k companies start by matching a small percentage of your contribution and increase this percentage the longer you work for them. There are lots of ways you can save money for retirement, including establishing an IRA or brokerage account or collecting bills in an old coffee jar. What are the advantages of putting money into a 401k as compared to these other methods? What Are the Advantages of a 401k? There are several advantages to a 401k, as well as a few limitations. Let’s start with the benefits. #1: Tax Benefits 401k plans allow your money to grow untaxed. Traditional 401ks let you contribute pre-taxed money. When you eventually withdraw the money, that’s when you’ll pay taxes on it. Roth 401k plans have you contribute already taxed money. When you take it out, you don’t have to pay any taxes on it. IRA and Roth IRA accounts also have tax advantages, but they often set restrictive limits on how much money you can contribute per year. Some only allow you to put in $5,500 a year, while 401k plans, as you'll read below, allow you to put up to $18,000, or even more if you're including an employer match. In a brokerage account that you can set up independently of an employer, your money would be taxed twice. In a 401k (traditional or Roth), your money is only ever taxed once. This tax set-up is a big benefit of 401k accounts. #2: Annual Compound Growth The second advantage of putting your money into a 401k as opposed to say, a coffee jar, is that it allows your money to grow over time. Thanks to the power of compounding interest, you could see your money grow significantly over decades. If you contribute $5,000 per year when you’re 25 and your money grows at a 5% annual rate, for example, then you would have an additional $30,000 more than you would if you started contributing ten years later. You’ll see significantly more money the earlier you start saving. You could bury your savings in your backyard, but the only thing your money would grow is mold. #3: Employer Matching Some, but not all, employers will match a percentage of your annual contributions. Employer match is essentially free money! Unless you really can’t afford it, you should strive to get the full employer match you can per year to make the most of this offer. #4: High Contribution Limits As mentioned above, 401k plans also have higher contribution limits than some independent retirement accounts. Some IRAs only let you put about $5,500 a year, while 401k limits are set at about $18,000, depending on the year. That limit doesn’t include any matching contributions made by your employer, so you could actually put a lot more per year into your 401k. We’ll get into the exact numbers below. All in all, 401ks are appealing because they offer significant tax advantages for your retirement savings, allow your money to grow over time, and they may involve significant contributions from your employer. That being said, there are some 401k limits that you should know about. Below are the three main limitations. What Are the Limitations of a 401k? Since your company offers the 401k plan, it also sets up certain rules and regulations. For instance, your employer chooses the stock options that make up the 401k. While you might have unlimited options with a brokerage account, you may only have a few with your 401k. This can actually be an advantage for some people, who would rather take a more hands-off approach to how their money gets invested. Secondly, some employers put in place a â€Å"forfeit law.† If you get laid off and have less than a certain amount of money in your 401k, then you don’t get that money back. Your company will set this amount and the details of any forfeit law. Make sure to ask whether or not your company has one. Finally, some companies also require you to work with them for a minimum number of years before you’re fully â€Å"vested† and can retain their matching contributions. If you leave or lose your job before that time, you can still keep your own savings, but any employer match contributions will disappear. Now that you know the advantages and limitations of a 401k, what do you have to do to set one up? Do you choose your investments, or does the company decide for you? Continuing with the nest egg metaphor, do you have to build the basket where your savings eggs will grow? What Steps Should You Take to Set Up Your 401k Plan? The first step in establishing your 401k plan is signing up with your employer. Typically, your employer or an HR professional should go over the steps with you when you get hired. If you chose not to sign up when you first started working at the company, you can still speak to your employer about how to sign up now. As you fill out the requisite paperwork, you’ll decide how much money you want to contribute. You can increase or decrease this amount if your circumstances change, but you won’t be able to withdraw money once you’ve deposited it (before retirement age) without a penalty. Once you’ve opened your account, you can take an active investing approach or put the 401k on autopilot. As mentioned above, your employer will choose the stock options, and you can choose how your money gets distributed among them. The majority of people, though, simply go with a â€Å"target-date† fund. With a target-date fund, you set the date you might retire, say, 2050, and the 401k does the rest. You won’t have to design your portfolio; instead, the account itself will adjust how your assets are allocated over time. If you do decide to take a more active approach, a good rule of thumb to follow is to have a diversified portfolio that can ride out the ups and downs in the market. With a diversified portfolio, you can help make sure that your savings will grow over time. While the amount of money you can afford to contribute to your 401k varies by individual, there are certain limits in place. Read on for the 401k contribution limits in 2016. How Much Money Can You Contribute to Your 401k? There are 401 k limits that determine how much money you can contribute to your account per year. These 401k contribution limits fluctuate a bit over time along with inflation. As of 2016, people under 50 could put in up to $18,000 per year. People over 50 could put in $24,000. The additional $6,000 is considered a â€Å"catch up† contribution for those who didn’t max out their limits in earlier years. Any company matching doesn’t count toward this 401k limit. The maximum combined contribution (yours plus your company match) can go up to $53,000. A good rule of thumb is to invest about 10% of your annual income, if possible. If you have employer matching, then you should also strive to get the biggest match contributions you can. Besides 401k limits, there are also rules about when you can take money out of your 401k. Read on to learn when you can make a 401k withdrawal. If you withdraw your money early to buy a four-day Bonnaroo ticket, you’ll pay a steep penalty. Better to let it sit until you retire. When Can You Get Your Money Out of a 401k? You can take money out of your traditional 401k starting when you’re 59 1/2 (regardless of whether you've retired or not) OR if you retire at age 55 or higher. If you try 401k withdrawal before that time, then you’ll incur a hefty 10% penalty fee. So far, everything discussed applies mainly to traditional 401k accounts. They let you contribute pre-taxed money and have penalties for withdrawing money before you reach a certain age. There is one other kind of 401k with different rules and regulations called a Roth 401k. Read on to learn more about a Roth 401k and how it differs from the traditional 401k accounts that most employers offer. The main difference between a traditional 401k and a Roth 401k has to do with when you pay the tax man. What Is a Roth 401k? In addition to a traditional 401k, some companies also offer a Roth 401k. A Roth 401k has a few differences from a traditional 401k. The most important difference is that a Roth 401k has you contribute money after it’s been taxed. When you withdraw money from the account later, you won’t have to pay taxes on it. The second difference has to do with 401k withdrawal rules. A Roth 401k plan lets you take out your money at any time without penalty after you’ve held the account for five years. You won’t have to pay a 10% penalty as you would on a traditional plan for Roth 401k withdrawal before a certain age or retirement. If your employer offers both traditional and Roth 401k options, which one should you choose? Traditional 401k vs. Roth 401k: Which One’s Better? If your employer offers both a traditional 401 k and a Roth 401k, then you have to decide which one to choose or, alternatively, whether to set up both types. Essentially, you want to figure out which type of 401k will help you save the largest amount of money in the long run. There are also some psychological factors that come into play. #1: Do You Want to Be Taxed Now or Later? As you read above, a traditional 401k taxes your money later while a Roth 401k taxes your money now. If you’re young, not making a lot of money, and not currently getting taxed highly, then a Roth 401k might be the preferable option. While you won’t be putting as much money into the account initially, you will be able to leave your money for many years to grow. If you’re older, make a high paycheck, and are in a high tax bracket, then you might want to go with a traditional 401k. That way, your money will be taxed when you retire and are in presumably a lower tax bracket than you are presently. Both traditional and 401k plans have great tax benefits. You should just need to decide which would benefit you more. #2: How Is Your Financial Self-Control? Beside figuring out the tax situation, there’s a self-control factor to think about. If you need all the money in your traditional 401k, then you’ll want to set aside other savings to pay the eventual large tax bill. Will you be able to set aside money to pay taxes later, or at least plan around the large chunk of your savings that will get taken away by taxes when you retire? On the flip side, if you open up a Roth 401k, will you have the self-control not to withdraw any of your savings after the five-year mark when you can withdraw penalty-free? Besides weighing the tax benefits, you should ask yourself these questions to figure out which option is better. Finally, you might not decide not to choose between them at all and instead opt for both types of accounts. Should You Choose Both a Traditional and Roth 401k? Some financial advisors suggest going with both a traditional 401k and a Roth 401k if you have the option. You don’t actually have to choose one or the other, but instead, can split your savings between the two. Going with both is similar to diversifying your stock portfolio to reduce risk. We can’t know what tax laws will come into play in the future, so choosing both a traditional and Roth 401k is a way to hedge your bets. Now that you know the ins and outs of both traditional 401ks and Roth 401ks, let’s go over the essential points that you need to remember about saving for retirement. What Is a 401k? Just the Essentials These are the key points you need to remember about a 401 k plan: A 401k is a retirement savings account that some employers offer. You can contribute a certain amount per year, and your employee might match your contributions (free money!) In a traditional 401k, your money is taxed when you withdraw, not now. In a Roth 401k, your money is taxed now, not when you withdraw. 401k tax policies are superior to those of brokerage accounts, where your money is taxed twice. Your money will grow over time thanks to the power of compounding interest. Start early to have the most amount of money saved for retirement! Now that you have a better understanding of what HR is talking about during new employee orientation, how should you proceed? Should you join in on the 401k fun? With a 401k, you can predict the future, at least the financial part. Should You Contribute to a 401k? Magic 8 ball says, â€Å"Most likely!† Unless you can’t cover your living needs, there’s no reason not to set aside some money for Future You. She’ll really appreciate it. Of course, your employer has to offer a 401k plan. If your company doesn't offer 401k benefits, then you can't set up a solo 401k. You could instead save money for retirement in an IRA, Roth IRA, or brokerage account. If you do have the option of a 401k, a good rule of thumb is to invest as much money as you can, perhaps about 10% of your income. If possible, try to max out any employer matching benefits so you get the most money you can from your employer toward your retirement savings. Start early to maximize the power of compounding growth. 401k accounts offer a simple, hands-off approach to saving for retirement. With just a little paperwork and rearranging of your daily expenses, you can save for retirement and reap huge financial benefits in your golden years.

Relationship between educational requirements and the impact the Research Paper

Relationship between educational requirements and the impact the requirements have on policing at the state and local levels - Research Paper Example This has been criticized, especially due to the fact that it leaves out minority ethnic groups who have a lower chance of being educated. The other main question that has to be answered is the question of whether the requirement of law enforcement officers to have a degree increases their efficacy and professionalism in executing their job of policing. The requirement for law enforcement officers to have a higher education is a topic that cannot be easily exhausted. Definitely, there are some advantages in having educated officers. To begin with, research and literature seems to indicate that college educated officers are more likely to be more productive and also be better able to handle difficult situations that need judgment and discretion. For instance, as Doerner (2007) says, policemen with a higher education are more likely to handle sensitive situations in a better way than those with only a high school education. Secondly, the need to professionalize the profession of policing requires that the people be required to take up higher education. The only problem with this is that they are not necessarily needed to take up courses related to their work. This then brings in a problem because the definition of a professional is that he or she must take an education that related to her service. It might be better to ask; is it necessary to need law enforcement officers to be educated, to professionalize the trade? If so, what is meant by professionalizing? The truth, is, even as there is some evidence that college educated law enforcement officers are able to be more effective in executing their duties, this does not necessarily solve the issue of improving the trade. Dunham (2001) argues that police attitudes may be changed for the better by and education. However, he argues this does not solve all the issues. Making law enforcement to be professional would be done better if there were college cour ses specifically

Managing Organisational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Organisational Change - Essay Example So the above stated lines are indicating one more interesting technique to reach Organisational goals, that is changing the people's attitude, their way of working, and behaviour towards work so that Organisation can reach its objectives through change which is probably the only way for it to reach its goals as modernisation automatically changes the surroundings, behaviours of buyers, the variety of competition and so on. Globalisation is a recent word suggesting that there is a new cohesion in markets worldwide, which may imply that it is likely that change cannot be resisted or that the traditional local markets cannot be sheltered from the impact of such general change. Such claims might seem to have a surface validity. However, it is difficult to identify exactly how this interplay of forces is materially different from influences that have reinforced change in the past. An in-depth analysis of the change management, as in terms what is causing the change, would be conducted foc using on the Brazilian based manufacturing firm, Semco. External Change Drivers The business does not get changed itself, nor does it require it self to change without any need as the profitability (growth) or survival is the core objective of any business, but when it comes to change, only external factors make an organisation or business change primarily, afterwards the firm changes itself may be in internal manners. The External change drivers that can be seen commonly in this modern world or from the time the changes took place include Mega Environment1, it further includes Technological Element, in which the modern technology that is used outside the firm, perhaps around the world and by the competitors, tends to change the Organisation, the failure to use such technology can result in loss of values, customers, and most importantly long-term profits. Semco acquired new plants, came up with innovation in their manufacturing techniques through R&D and so it reduced the rejection rate, it further downsized the company by eliminating 23% of employees through attrition and incentive programs, the company had to do all this otherwise it would not have been able to cope with the external changes. The next external change is brought by Economic Element, of course the change in the country's wealth distribution, it's financial debt and the inflation can create unbalance in an Organisation or any busin ess, such as the decrease in the price of a certain commodity or product can have some negative impact on the firms profitability, specially if the country in which the Organisation is operated is a socialist economy in which the government owns a lot than the individuals, the importance of economic element is obvious from the fact that in1980 when Semco was seeking help from various banks and foreign companies, many of the institutions refused it because of the economic status of Brazil and further the Semco's poor

Social class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social class - Essay Example In order to understand these factors, it is imperative to begin by explaining the meaning of buyer or consumer behaviour. The main body of the paper will evaluate the role played by different factors in light of neuroscience. â€Å"Consumer behaviour comprises the behaviour patterns of decision units (individuals as well as families) which precede, determine and follow on the decision making process for the acquisition of need satisfying products, ideas and services,† (Strydom, 2004, p.2). On the other hand, McCarty & Perreault (1996) posit to the effect that the needs of the consumers, their motives, perceptions, attitudes, learning abilities and their personality have a bearing on their consumption patterns and buyer behaviour towards certain market offerings. Of notable concern is the fact that the consumers do not live in isolation from others and their buying behaviour is also impacted by factors such as culture and other social factors obtaining in their respective socia l environments. Aspects such as cultural and reference groups, family and the social class system impact on the buying behaviour of different people and these should be taken into consideration by the marketers. The study of buyer behaviour mainly draws from psychology with additional inputs mainly from sociology as well as Economics (Lancaster &Reynolds, 1999). Sociologically, the behaviour of people is shaped by factors such as friendship, love, status as well as self esteem among other factors while psychological factors are mainly concerned with attitude and perception developed by people towards something. There are several reasons why an individual may buy a particular product but the major one is to satisfy different needs as postulated by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (McCarthy & Perreault, 1996). Before making a decision to buy a certain product, a need must first arise and this need has to be satisfied. This in turn compels the individual to make a decision towards pu rchasing a product that can satisfy the need. According to Lancaster &Reynolds (1999), the buying behaviour of an individual is determined by factors such as perception, needs, motives as well as attitudes which are either directly or indirectly influenced by the individual’s ability to learn. A person first acquires buying and consumption knowledge about a particular product and this stage is mainly referred to as cognition. This process can be attributed to the cognitive theory which posits to the effect that that a considerable amount of learning takes place here due to the fact that the customer comes into contact with a certain product and develops a keen interest in it. Before making a decision to purchase that particular product, the customer first learns about the product to gain more knowledge and insight about it. According to this theory of consumer behaviour, the customer is viewed as a problem solver who first seeks knowledge in order to solve a problem through i nformation gathering. Mental processing is involved where the mind is manipulated in order to arrive at the desired goal. The power of reasoning is central in this process and it can be noted that as human beings we subconsciously learn about something through coming into contact with it. For instance, the buyers can learn about a product like toothpaste particularly Colgate through coming into contact with it since there are different brands. Knowledge about a product is created during the early

The Protection of the Environment Through Law Essay -- Environment, Po

The protection of the environment through law is unsuccessful; as the protection of the environment has just recently begun to take affect. The protection and conservation of the environment has been a concern since the 1880’s; when European settlers came to Canada, and discovered its wealth of natural resources. The protection of the environment however has just recently become the major issue that it is in today’s society. People worldwide have slowly begun to realize and become aware of the blatant destruction and deterioration of the environment and ozone. As well as the consequences and side affects, that we, as a society have created. The majority of people are just becoming aware of the frightening reality of the situation. As society becomes more informed on the issue of the environment, they too become more impatient, and feel that in the snap of fingers, the damage can be reversed and future damage can be stopped instantaneously. Because of this the government has been put into a major predicament. They have, and must continue to create laws, to protect the environment. However they cannot simply place unrealistic restrictions and limitations onto the major polluters; that are the manufacturing companies. These manufacturers emit large quantities of waste and greenhouse gases. However that is the cost of today’s society. The world needs certain commodities to function properly; like paper products, gasoline, oil and other petroleum by-products, as well as many other products that; whether we like it or not, are harmful to the environment, to make and use. Canada has done as much to protect the environment, as it has done to destroy it. Canada joined created several acts of legislation to protect the environment, as ... ... emissions and protect our natural resources, before we look to make a profit. Because once the natural resources and ozone are destroyed and gone, they are gone forever. Works Cited †¢ An Inconvenient Truth – Al Gore †¢ Critical Perspectives on Environmental Protection †¢ Global Warming Opposing Viewpoints †¢ Environmental Issues, Environmental Policy †¢ Environment Act of Canada - http://laws.justice.gc.ca/PDF/Statute/C/C-15.31.pdf †¢ Canadian Environmental Protection Act - http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90e19_e.htm#BK65 †¢ http://worldcentric.org/conscious-living/expanding-eco-footprint †¢ http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/scientists-say-kyoto-protocol-is-outdated-failure-397801.html †¢ http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/en/enviroforce/protection/officers.php †¢ http://cupe.ca/budget/2009-budget-environment

Examining Collaborative and Individual Writing Processes

Examining Collaborative and Individual Writing Processes Stephen McLeod University of Phoenix Collaborative writing is a tool that is being utilized more often in the professional world as well as the educational world. The collaborative writing process is similar to the individual writing process as many of the same rules apply. In this paper we, as a learning team, will illustrate some examples of how to use the tools of individual writing in the collaborative process. Writing as a group facilitates a more thorough and accurate end result because the work is shared between all members rather than resting on the shoulders of only one individual. It also enables more opinions and facts to be presented by the team as productive writers making the reader able to easily understand what is being expressed. The most logical place to begin this process is by brainstorming. According to www. dictionary. reference. com, brainstorming is defined as: â€Å"a conference technique of solving specific problems, amassing information, stimulating creative thinking, developing new ideas, etc. by unrestrained and spontaneous participation in discussion. † In order to write an excellent paper, for any topic, requires much brainstorming to have the paper written well. There are many ways for teams to brainstorm, some of which include all members of the team writing their own ideas down and then sharing them with the group, or the facilitator of the brainstorming group writing down ideas on a big, whiteboard while the team members shout their ideas like a game of charades. Both are excellent ways to come up with ideas and have fun in the process which, in turn, keeps all parties involved, relaxed and more focused. However, ending up with too many vague or off-topic ideas will cause the team to lose focus resulting in the first problem arising. A great way to succeed is matching up the ideas and topics from brainstorming and putting it together in writing. When working with a group versus individually, more ideas and topics will be brought up that otherwise might have been over-looked. Brainstorming is more effective with a group than with an individual because everyone is giving their ideas to the paper. It is more difficult to put the paper together when everyone is not in greement on the topic. Resolving conflicts is necessary for effective brainstorming. One way to resolve conflicts in the group is to have two ideas for each specific topic, allowing everyone in the group to give his or her feedback. Another solution to resolve conflicts would be to take a vote based upon the most thorough information presented to the group. The issue of plagiarism should also be resolved during the brainsto rming process. The group should agree upon the level of plagiarism that will or will not be tolerated for admission into the paper. After a while, a team would determine if the paper is perfect for that particular topic. As for an individual, he or she would know if the paper has met the requirements however, without the advantage of brainstorming with another person, one would have no feedback upon which to base the decision. Once the topic has been agreed upon, the next step is to begin the research. The first action that is necessary when doing research as a team is to identify the topic that is going to be written about and develop that topic into a specific subject matter. Making a list of possible places one can look for information, whether it is on the Internet or in a library, is a smart place to begin. Having multiple people who can offer their ideas and opinions is much better than doing the research on one’s own. Being organized is important because it assists the writers in keeping track of citation information, keeping the irrelevant information out of the way and preventing confusion by placement of paragraphs and sub-topics throughout the editing process. Doing this will enable the reader to easily comprehend the paper. The next step is to find background or other information the team could use to analyze and observe the main subject matter. Referencing an encyclopedia, a news article, or bibliographies will help set the context of the research. Having multiple people involved makes the search quick and easy. Knowledge of a specific subject by someone in the team is not always necessary which, in my opinion, is what makes the research the most important part of any writing. Research is needed in order to delve deeper into whatever subject being written about, thus creating more information to analyze to determine what is useful and what is irrelevant. This is where a big difference between collaborative and individual writing processes occurs. Individually, only one opinion and set of facts are considered; whereas, for a group multiple sets of research are examined during the writing process. The individual writer, assumingly, doesn’t want to bore the reader with information that is not pertinent to the outcome. The writer will usually discuss the information obtained with another individual to gain another perspective. When a team is researching and encounters a problem or an obstacle, it is a good choice having the writer’s solution will assist the reader in understanding how the information was obtained and provide some explanation as to why the information provided was arranged in that particular order. Continuity and cohesion make an essay easier to comprehend and more pleasurable for the reader. A writer may arrange his facts in several different manners that may include chronological order, alphabetical order or by subject matter, for example. After the team is comfortable with all of the researched facts, the team as a whole decides what information is most pertinent to the subject matter and what will provide the most enjoyable read. Editing plays a major role in writing any type of document. In particular, when writing an essay one will have to pay close attention during the proofreading step to ensure that proper editing takes place. A group that collaborates and goes through the editing process as a team has a better chance of catching a mistake than if it was edited only by the individual who wrote the paper as a singular source. and intelligently when being read. When these steps are practiced the writing process is easier to accomplish. This will help detect many mistakes that were made that the editors eyes may have overlooked. By following this rule, you become very familiar with the information that you have researched to compose your essay. Obviously, when working in a group this step is automatically performed. If some part of the work does not sound correct to a member of the group, they should then go back and try to detect their problems. If the team overlooks these problems, they will only compound them and create more problems later on in the essay which gives more reinforcement for working on a paper as a team rather than individually. One example of this may be found in the inclusion of unnecessary information. A way to resolve this would be to include information in a precise manner. Sending a good message to the readers of your essay will allow them to comprehend the subject more easily. Another pitfall that one may encounter would be to repeat sentences over and over. One should stay focused on the most important sentences without adding any unnecessary filler for emphasis. The structure and length of the sentences makes an enormous difference to the readers. If the essay is not structured properly, readers will most likely become unfocused on the message, resulting in distraction. Team identity is very important when the writing process starts. Team meetings and frequent consultations among members of the group will assist in developing a viable team identity. A good suggestion for finding a specific member’s identity would be to find out what each person does best and what he or she isn’tgood at and build from that. Each person on the writing group should be assigned a different function toward the completion of the paper. Throughout life, school has taught children how to work as a team. Sports are a good example on how teamwork is practiced and writing a paper is only different in the aspect of it isn’t physical. The team charter helps the team understand one another. It also states the strengths of the individuals in the group. By using this information, each team member can be put in a position to succeed. This allows the identity to show through the work that is done. Success follows when teams learn their identity in classrooms and in the workplace. References Meyer, R. G. Meyer. (2003). The Writing Process Steps. Writing Prompts. Retrieved from http://www. ettc. net/writing/PDFfiles/Writing%20Process%20Steps. pdf (The Writing Process Steps, para. 1) Renard, J. Retrieved October 25, 2009 from. http://www. goodreads. com/quotes/show_tag? name=writing&page=2